JETS 55/2 (2012) 235–72 JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCE UPDATED (PART 1) DAVID W. CHAPMAN AND ANDREAS J. KÖSTENBERGER* Twelve years ago we published a bibliography that is now due for a substantial update. 1 The field of Jewish literature can be mystifying to the non- specialist. The initial obstacle often is where to go for texts, translations, concordances, and bibliography. Even many researchers more familiar with these materials often fail to take advantage of the best critical texts, translations, and helps currently available. The goal of this article is to summarize in a single location the principal texts, translations, and foundational resources for the examination of the central Jewish literature potentially pertinent to the background study of early Christianity. Generally, the procedure followed for each Jewish writing is to list the most important works in the categories of: bibliography, critical text, translation, concordance/index, lexical or grammatical aides, introduction, and commentary. Where deemed helpful, more than one work may be included. English translations, introductions, and helps are generally preferred. Most entries are listed alphabetically by author, but bibliographies and texts are typically listed in reverse chronological order from date of publication. Also provided in many instances are the language(s) of extant manuscripts and the likely dates of composition reflecting the current scholarly consensus. While the emphasis is on printed editions, some computer-based resources are noted. Many older printed texts have been scanned and are now available online; we will note when these appear on http://archive.org (often links can also be found through http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu or http://books.google.com). Space did not permit entries on Samaritan texts or on early Jewish liturgies, papyri, and inscriptions. 1. General Reference Tools (incl. Abbreviations) 1.1 Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Berenbaum, Michael and Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2d ed.; 22 vols.; Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA and Keter, 2007. Also available elec- * David Chapman is associate professor of New Testament and Archaeology at Covenant Theologi- cal Seminary, 12330 Conway Road, St. Louis, MO 63141. Andreas Köstenberger is research professor of New Testament and Biblical Theology at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 120 S. Wingate St., Wake Forest, NC 27587. 1 JETS 43 (2000): 577–618. Appreciation is again expressed to friends at Tyndale House and to the university and seminary libraries in Cambridge, Tübingen, and St. Louis. 236 JOURNAL OF THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY tronically from Gale Virtual Reference Library. A fine substantial update of the original and still useful 16 volume Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem: Keter, 1972), which originally received several annual yearbooks and two update volumes (1982, 1994) and was issued on CD-ROM in 1997. Both editions were preceded by an incomplete 10-volume German set entitled Encyclopaedia Judaica: das Judentum in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Ber- lin: Eschkol, 1928–34), which only covered articles beginning with the letters A–L but often contained longer treatments than the 1972 ver- sion. [EncJud] Collins, John J. and Daniel C. Harlow, eds. The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Ju- daism. Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2010. Brief survey articles introduce “Early Judaism” (pp. 1–290) followed by dictionary entries on more specific matters (pp. 291–1360). Quite helpful. [EDEJ] Evans, Craig A. and Stanley E. Porter, eds. Dictionary of New Testament Back- ground. Downers Grove/Leicester: InterVarsity, 2000. Helpful articles with good bibliography. [DNTB] Freedman, David Noel, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Includes useful introductory articles on much in- tertestamental literature. Also on CD-ROM. [ABD] Neusner, Jacob and Alan J. Avery-Peck, eds. Encyclopaedia of Midrash: Biblical Interpretation in Formative Judaism. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Neusner, Jacob, Alan J. Avery-Peck, and William Scott Green, eds. The Ency- clopedia of Judaism. 5 vols. New York: Continuum/Leiden: Brill, 1999– 2003. 3 initial volumes plus 2 supplement volumes. Some articles with bibliography. Neusner, Jacob and William Scott Green, eds. Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period: 450 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1996; repr. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999. Relatively short articles with no bib- liography. Singer, Isidore et al., eds. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 12 vols. New York/London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901–1906. Older than EncJud but often has fuller ar- ticles. Available online at http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com and scanned images at http://archive.org. [JE] Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford: OUP, 1997. Competent (but very concise) arti- cles with limited bibliography. [ODJR] 1.2 Works Containing Surveys of Jewish Literature Davies, W. D., Louis Finkelstein, John Sturdy, William Horbury, and Steven T. Katz, eds. Cambridge History of Judaism. 4 vols. Cambridge: CUP, 1984– 2006. [CHJ] Evans, Craig A. Ancient Texts for New Testament Studies: A Guide to the Back- ground Literature. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2005. Update of his Non- canonical Writings and New Testament Interpretation (1992). Grabbe, Lester L. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. 4 vols. London/New York: T & T Clark, 2004–. Emphasis on discussing sources, with a tendency toward some skepticism and late dating. Haase, Wolfgang, ed. Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II.19.1–2, JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE 237 II.20.1–2, and II.21.1–2. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1979–1987. [ANRW] Helyer, Larry R. Exploring Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period: A Guide for New Testament Students. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2002. Kraft, Robert A. and George W. E. Nickelsburg, eds. Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters. Philadelphia: Fortress/Atlanta: Scholars, 1986. McNamara, Martin. Intertestamental Literature. Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazi- er, 1983. Mulder, Martin Jan, ed. Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. CRINT 2.1. As- sen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1988; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988. Very helpful, especially on LXX, Targums, and other versions of the OT. [Mikra] Neusner, Jacob, ed. Judaism in Late Antiquity, Vol. 1: The Literary and Archaeolog- ical Sources. Handbuch der Orientalistik 1.16; Leiden: Brill, 1995. [JLA] Nickelsburg, George W. E. Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Fortress, 2005. Principally discusses DSS, Apocrypha, and Pseudepigrapha. With CD-ROM of entire book, plus images and a study guide. [Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature] Sæbø, Magne, ed. Hebrew Bible, Old Testament: The History of its Interpretation: Vol. 1 From the beginnings to the Middle Ages (until 1300). Part 1: Antiquity. Göt- tingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996. Schürer, Emil. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.– A.D. 135). Ed. Geza Vermes et al. Rev. English ed. 3 vols. in 4. Edin- burgh: T & T Clark, 1973–1987. For decades the standard work in the field (not to be confused with Hendrickson’s reprinted translation of the original German edition, which is now out of date). [HJPAJC] Stemberger, Günter. Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. Fine work; see full bibliography under Rabbinic Literature. [Stemberger, Introduction] Stone, Michael E., ed. Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period. CRINT 2.2. Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. See further CRINT volumes under Rabbinic Literature below. [JWSTP] VanderKam, James C. An Introduction to Early Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerd- mans, 2001. Esp. pp. 53–173. 1.3 Sourcebooks Barrett, C. K. The New Testament Background: Writings from Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire that Illuminate Christian Origins. San Francisco: Harper, 1987. A more recent edition (with different subtitle) of this classic sourcebook. Chilton, Bruce D., gen. ed. A Comparative Handbook to the Gospel of Mark: Com- parisons with Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran Scrolls, and Rabbinic Literature. The New Testament Gospels in their Judaic Contexts 1. Leiden: Brill, 2009. After each pericope in Mark, an extensive array of comparable Jewish sources are quoted and followed by a very brief commentary on those sources. De Lange, Nicholas. Apocrypha: Jewish Literature of the Hellenistic Age. New York: Viking, 1978. Excerpts Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha writings in the- matic categories. 238 JOURNAL OF THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Elwell, Walter A. and Robert W. Yarbrough, eds. Readings from the First-Century World: Primary Sources for New Testament Study. Encountering Biblical Studies. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Intended for college students. First part topical, second part quotes illuminating Jewish and Graeco-Roman sources in NT canonical order. Feldman, Louis H. and Meyer Reinhold. Jewish Life and Thought among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1996; Ed- inburgh: T & T Clark, 1996. A fine collection covering a broad array of key topics. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. and Daniel J. Harrington. A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts (second century B.C.–second century A.D.). BibOr 34. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1978. Highly significant collection of texts with transla- tions and introduction (includes many Qumran documents). Ginzberg, Louis. The Legends of the Jews. 7 vols. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1909–1938; repr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998. Puts in nar- rative form the various rabbinic and apocryphal stories about OT he- roes. Vols. 5–6 notes; vol. 7 index. Currently available online at several sites, though often without the vital endnotes and index volumes (see http://archive.org). Hayward, C. T. R. The Jewish Temple: A non-biblical sourcebook. London/New York: Routledge, 1996. Instone-Brewer, David. Traditions of the Rabbis from the Era of the New Testament. Grand Rapid: Eerdmans, 2004–. Following the order of Mishnah, ex- cerpts selections from the Mishnah and the Tosefta that likely predate the year 70; provides text, translation, and brief commentary. [TRENT] Nadich, Judah. The Legends of the Rabbis. 2 vols. London: Jason Aronson, 1994. Puts in narrative form the various rabbinic stories about early rabbis (Neusner’s Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees is to be preferred for aca- demic use). Neusner, Jacob. The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70. 3 vols. Lei- den: Brill, 1971. An enormously helpful source book with commentary and summary analysis (reprints from University of South Florida and Wipf & Stock). Runesson, Anders, Donald D. Binder, and Birger Olsson. The Ancient Syna- gogue from its Origin to 200 C.E.: A Source Book. Leiden: Brill, 2008; paper- back Brill, 2010. Ancient literary sources, inscriptions and archaeological remains for both the land of Israel and the diaspora. Also includes a chapter on Jewish temples outside Jerusalem (e.g. Leontopolis). Schiffman, Lawrence H. Texts and Traditions: A Source Reader for the Study of Se- cond Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. Hoboken: Ktav, 1998. Complements his history of early Judaism. Williams, Margaret H, ed. The Jews among the Greeks and Romans: A Diasporan Sourcebook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998; London: Duckworth, 1998. 1.4 Bibliography Anderson, Norman Elliott. Tools for Bibliographical and Backgrounds Research on the New Testament. 2d ed. South Hamilton, MA: Gordon-Conwell Theo- logical Seminary, 1987. JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE 239 Delling, Gerhard. Bibliographie zur Jüdisch-Hellenistischen und Intertestamentarischen Literatur 1900–1965. TU 106. Berlin: Akademie, 1969. Noll, Stephen F. The Intertestamental Period: A Study Guide. Inter-Varsity Chris- tian Fellowship of the United States of America, 1985. 1.5 General Computer Programs and English-based Websites (current at time of writing) Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (useful web links under “Second Temple and Talmudic Era”): http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/links/texts.htm. Early Jewish Writings by Peter Kirby (links to older translations and introduc- tions to Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Philo and Josephus; currently many broken links but still useful): http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com. 4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins by the Enoch Seminar (edited wiki that is still in process): http://www.4enoch.org. HebrewBooks.org (classical Hebrew books for free download; website in He- brew): http://www.hebrewbooks.org. Internet Sacred Text Archive (older English translations of Jewish literature; pri- marily rabbinic works): http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/index.htm. The Judaic Classics Deluxe Edition: CD-ROM from Davka Software available for Windows or Mac (see below under Rabbinic Literature). New Testament Gateway (Judaica page): http://www.ntgateway.com/tools-and- resources/judaica. Paleojudaica by James R. Davila: http://paleojudaica.blogspot.com. Princeton University Library Jewish Studies Resources: http://www.princeton.edu /~pressman/jewsub.htm. Resource Pages for Biblical Studies by Torrey Seland: http://torreys.org/bible. Second Temple Synagogues by Donald Binder (includes links to introductions, texts, and photos of early Jewish literature): http://www.pohick.org/sts. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (searchable database of ancient Greek literature available on CD-ROM or via internet subscription; includes Philo, Jose- phus, Greek Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha). Website at http://www.tlg.uci.edu. Tyndale House (helpful links for Biblical Studies): http://www.tyn- dale.cam.ac.uk/index.php?page=weblinks. Virtual Religion Index: http://virtualreligion.net/vri/judaic.html (note links to Biblical Studies and to Jewish Studies). 2. Old Testament Versions 2.1 Greek Versions 2.1.1 Septuagint The term “Septuagint” is properly attributed only to the Old Greek Pentateuch (translated c. 3d cent. BC), but common parlance labels the whole Old Greek OT and Apocrypha as Septuagint (LXX). It represents the earliest extant 240 JOURNAL OF THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Jewish Greek translation of the OT. However, since the major LXX manuscripts are Christian, the possibility exists of Christian tampering with the text at some junctures. While earlier studies frequently focused on the LXX as a textual witness to its Hebrew Vorlage, a significant trend now also views its renderings of the OT as representing traditional Jewish interpretation. The individual biblical books vary in their translation style, indicating a plurality of translators and dates of translation. Some biblical books differ significantly from the MT (e.g. Jeremiah, Samuel), and others exist in double recensions (e.g. Judges, Esther, Tobit, Daniel). The LXX also provides a major witness to all the Apocrypha except 4 Ezra [= 2 Esdras] (including also 3–4 Maccabees and Odes, which are not in the traditional English Apocrypha). Bibliographies: Dogniez, Cécile. Bibliography of the Septuagint (1970–1993). VTSup 60. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Brock, Sebastian P., Charles T. Fritsch, and Sidney Jellicoe. A Classified Bibliog- raphy of the Septuagint. ALGHJ 6. Leiden: Brill, 1973. See also: bibliographic updates in The Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (webpage at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu /ioscs); also note the Septuagint Online webpage at http:// www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX and the bibliography to the Septuaginta Deutsch at http://www.septuagintaforschung.de/files/WUNT-219- Bibilographie.pdf. Critical and Diplomatic Texts: Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottin- gensis editum. 16 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1931–. The standard scholarly critical edition, but incomplete. Known as the “Göt- tingen edition.” Some volumes are divided into separate “parts.” Barthélemy, Dominique. Les Devanciers D’Aquila: Première Publication Intégrale du Texte des Fragments du Dodécaprophéton. VTSup 10. Leiden: Brill, 1963. Greek Minor Prophets scroll from Na(cid:534)al (cid:578)ever (8HevXIIgr). Also see DJD 8, and Lifshitz in IEJ 12 (1962) 201–207 and in Yedio(cid:1826) t 26 (1962) 183–90. Brooke, Alan England, Norman McLean, and Henry St. John Thackeray, eds. The Old Testament in Greek. London: Cambridge University Press, 1906– 1940. Text of Codex Vaticanus with extensive apparatus. Since the Göt- tingen edition is incomplete, this still provides the best critical apparatus for the Former Prophets and Chronicles. Available online at http://archive.org. Handbook Text: Rahlfs, Alfred and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta. Rev. ed. 2 vols. in 1. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006. An eclectic text, but without adequate critical apparatus to evaluate editorial decisions (with a “mod- erate revision” from Rahlfs’s 1935 edition). Rahlfs’s original text is fre- quently found in Bible software (e.g. Accordance, BibleWorks, etc.) and online. JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE 241 Text and Translation: Brenton, Lancelot C. L. The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English. Lon- don: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1851; repr. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1992. Now dated in comparison to the NETS translation (see below), but has the advantage of a facing Greek text. Digitized pages available free online at http://www.archive.org and at http://www.ccel.org /ccel/brenton/lxx.html and English text of Brenton at http://www.ecclesia.org/truth/septuagint-hyperlinked.html. Translation: Pietersma, Albert and Benjamin G. Wright, eds. A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Fine translation by a team of Septuagint scholars. Abbreviated NETS. Avail- able for some Bible software, and free online access at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu /nets/edition. Concordance: Hatch, Edwin and Henry A. Redpath. A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1897–1906. Available online at http://archive.org. “Second edition” (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998) contains a Hebrew-Greek reverse index by Muraoka. A number of volumes have been released in the Computer Bible Series (series editors J. Arthur Baird, David Noel Freedman, and Watson E. Mills) published by Biblical Research Associates or by Edwin Mellen Press. These have been produced by J. David Thompson and are entitled simi- lar to A Critical Concordance to the Septuagint Genesis or to A Critical Con- cordance to the Apocrypha: 1 Maccabees. Each provides book-by-book con- cordances of the LXX with a number of statistical aides. Many computer programs also contain tagged Septuagint texts (e.g. Bi- bleWorks, Accordance). Lexicons: Chamberlain, Gary Alan. The Greek of the Septuagint: A Supplemental Lexicon. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2011. Includes all words not in BDAG, and otherwise only supplements BDAG on words when Septuagintal Greek meanings differ from standard NT definitions (thus this book by itself does not include all LXX vocabulary). Lust, Johan, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie. A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Rev. ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003. First edi- tion issued in two volumes (1992, 1996). Helpful glosses of all LXX vo- cabulary. Muraoka, T. A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Louvain: Peeters, 2009. Now complete, whereas previous iterations just focused on the Twelve Prophets (1993) or the Twelve Prophets and the Pentateuch (2002). A fine work by a careful lexicographer; should be consulted regularly. Muraoka, T. A Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic Two-way Index to the Septuagint. Louvain: Peeters, 2010. Allows one to see what Greek words are used to translate 242 JOURNAL OF THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY the Hebrew/Aramaic OT, and vice versa. Previous parts of this tool were published in his earlier LXX lexicons (1993 and 2002) and in the Baker edition of Hatch’s LXX concordance; but with the publication of his 2009 lexicon, this is now a stand-alone document. Rehkopf, Friedrich. Septuaginta-Vokabular. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989. Provides a single German gloss for each Greek word. For each entry he lists some LXX texts and compares with word count usage in the NT. Taylor, Bernard A. Analytical Lexicon to the Septuagint: Expanded edition. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2009. Revision of his 1994 Zondervan edition, listing every word form found in Rah- lfs’s edition and employing glosses from the Lust/Eynikel/Hauspie lexi- con; especially helpful for difficult parsings. Grammars: Conybeare, F. C. and St. George Stock. Grammar of Septuagint Greek. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1905; repr. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995. Introducto- ry, but with section on syntax not in Thackeray (or in the German grammar by Helbing). Available online at http://archive.org and at http://www.ccel.org/c/conybeare /greekgrammar. Thackeray, Henry St. John. A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek, Vol. 1: In- troduction, Orthography and Accidence. Cambridge: CUP, 1909; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1987. Available online at http://archive.org. Introductions: Dines, Jennifer M. The Septuagint. Understanding the Bible and its World. London: T & T Clark, 2004. Good short survey, especially helpful for first exposure to LXX studies. Fernández Marcos, Natalio. The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible. Trans. Wilfred G. E. Watson from 2d Spanish ed. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009. Useful introduction from standpoint of Spanish scholarship (previous English edition published by Leiden: Brill, 2000). Harl, Marguerite, Gilles Dorival, and Olivier Munnich. La Bible Grecque des Septante: Du judaïsme hellénistique au christianisme ancient. Initiations au chris- tianisme ancien; Paris: Cerf, 1988. Introduction by important French scholars. Jellicoe, Sidney. The Septuagint and Modern Study. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968; repr. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1993. Assumes the earlier Introduction by Swete. Jobes, Karen H. and Moisés Silva. Invitation to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000. Fine volume providing overall orientation to Septuagint study. Siegert, Folker. Zwischen Hebräischer Bibel und Altem Testament: Eine Einführung in die Septuaginta. Münsteraner Judaistische Studien 9. Münster: LIT, 2001. Additional volume provides index and “Wirkungsgeschichte” of the LXX in antiquity (see Register zur “Einführung in die Septuaginta”; Münster: LIT, 2003). JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE 243 Swete, Henry Barclay. An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Rev. Richard Rusden Ottley. Cambridge: CUP, 1914; repr. Peabody, MA: Hendrick- son, 1989. Classic textbook available online at http://archive.org and at http://www.ccel.org/s/ swete/greekot. Also see HJPAJC 3.1:474–493; Mikra 161–88; CHJ 2:534–562; ABD 5:1093– 1104. Commentaries: Harl, Marguerite, et al. La Bible d’Alexandrie. 17+ vols. Paris: Cerf, 1986–. Fo- cuses on how the LXX would have been read by Greek speakers in Jew- ish and Christian antiquity. Septuagint Commentary Series. Leiden: Brill, 2005–. Edited by S. E. Porter, R. Hess, and J. Jarick. Wevers, John William. Notes on the Greek Text of Genesis. SBLSCS 35. Atlanta: Scholars, 1993. Discusses textual and philological issues. Wevers has produced similar volumes for the rest of the Pentateuch. The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (IOSCS) announced plans in 2005 to publish the SBL Commentary on the Septu- agint (though no volumes have appeared at time of writing). 2.1.2 Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion Known primarily from the fragmentary sources of Origen’s Hexapla, “the Three” represent Jewish Greek translations from the early Common Era (though there are some early traditions that Symmachus and even Theodotion were Ebionite Christians). Extensive Syro-Hexaplaric fragments and remnants of the Three exist in other languages (notably Armenian). Bibliographies, concordances, and introductions on the Three are also listed in works on the LXX above (see also HJPAJC 3.1:493–504). Text: Field, Fridericus. Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1875. Available online at http://archive.org. Other fragments have sur- faced since Field, thus see the bibliographies and introductions noted under LXX. Also note that Göttingen LXX volumes list Hexaplaric tra- ditions in the bottom apparatus. An English translation of Field’s own Latin prolegomena to this work has been produced by Gérard J. Norton (Paris: Gabalda, 2005). The “Hexapla Institute” has announced plans to publish a new critical edition of Hexapla fragments (see http://www.hexapla.org). Concordance: Reider, Joseph and Nigel Turner. An Index to Aquila. VTSup 12. Leiden: Brill, 1966. Use in addition to the listing in Hatch and Redpath, Vol. 3 (see under LXX). Commentary: Salvesen, Alison. Symmachus in the Pentateuch. JSS Monograph 15. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1991. 244 JOURNAL OF THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2.2 Targumim Aramaic translations and paraphrases of the OT are known from as early as the Qumran community. The targumim appear to originate from liturgical use in the synagogue, when a meturgeman would compose an (occasionally paraphrastic or expansive) Aramaic rendering of the biblical text to be read in the service. Such targumim can testify to how the biblical text was interpreted in Judaism. “Official” targumim on the Pentateuch (Tg. Onqelos) and the Prophets (Tg. Jonathan) have been passed down from Babylonian rabbinic circles, while parallel traditions are also known from Palestine. There are additional targumic traditions for each of the non- Aramaic books of the Writings. Besides MSS and printed editions devoted to targumim, the official targumim are printed with the MT in Rabbinic Bibles alongside traditional rabbinic commentaries. Targumic texts also occur in Polyglot editions (e.g. those printed in Antwerp, Paris, and London [=Walton’s]) in parallel with the MT and other translations. The issues of dating and transmission history of the various targumim are often quite complex. 2.2.1 General Bibliography Bibliography: Grossfeld, Bernard. A Bibliography of Targum Literature. Vols. 1 and 2: Biblio- graphica Judaica 3 and 8. New York: Ktav, 1972, 1977. Vol. 3: New York: Sepher-Hermon, 1990. Forestell, J. T. Targumic Traditions and the New Testament: An Annotated Bibliog- raphy with a New Testament Index. SBL Aramaic Studies 4. Chico, CA: Scholars, 1979. Nickels, Peter. Targum and New Testament: A Bibliography together with a New Tes- tament Index. Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici 117. Rome: Pontifical Bib- lical Institute, 1967. Updated in Forestell. Ongoing listing of publications in the Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies (now with its own website, including some targum translations at http://targum.info). Note also the bibliographic articles by Díez Macho in Vols. 4 and 5 of Neophyti 1 (listed below). Critical Texts: Sperber, Alexander. The Bible in Aramaic: Based on Old Manuscripts and Printed Texts. 4 vols. in 5. Leiden: Brill, 1959–1973. Vol. 4b presents a series of helpful studies on the preceding volumes. Major critical text of Targums Onqelos and Jonathan; less reliable on the Writings. Translations: McNamara, Martin, gen. ed. The Aramaic Bible. 22 vols. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1987–2007. Standard contemporary translation series, with typi- cally good introductions and notes. Also see: Etheridge under Pentateuch. Some translations are also being made available online (see http://targum.info/targumic-texts). Eldon Clem is producing English translations for Accordance Bible Software of Tar- gums Onkelos, Jonathan, Neofiti, and Pseudo-Jonathan; see