Jerusalem and Other Holy Places as Foci of Multireligious and Ideological Confrontation Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series Editorial Board Doron Bar (Schechter Institute) Marcel Poorthuis (Faculty of Catholic Theology of Tilburg University) Eyal Regev (Bar-Ilan University) Lieve M. Teugels (Protestant Theological University) Advisory Board Yehoyada Amir – Shaye Cohen – Judith Frishman David Golinkin – Martin Goodman – Alberdina Houtman Tamar Kadari – Clemens Leonhard – Gerard Rouwhorst Joshua Schwartz – Vered Tohar – Israel Yuval volume 37 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/jcp Jerusalem and Other Holy Places as Foci of Multireligious and Ideological Confrontation Edited by Pieter B. Hartog Shulamit Laderman Vered Tohar Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jerusalem and Other Holy Places as Foci of Multireligious and Ideological Confrontation (Conference) (2018 : Jerusalem), author. | Hartog, Pieter B., editor. | Laderman, Shulamith, editor. | Tohar, Vered, 1969– editor. | Wieringen, A.L.H.M. van (Archibald L.H.M.), 1963– editor. Title: Jerusalem and other holy places as foci of multireligious and ideological confrontation / edited by Pieter B. Hartog, Shulamit Laderman, Vered Tohar, Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Jewish and Christian perspectives series, 1388–2074 ; volume 37 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Jerusalem and Other Holy Places as Foci of Multireligious and Ideological Confrontation brings together the papers that were read at an international conference at the Schechter Institute in Jerusalem in May 2018. The contributions to this volume develop a multi-disciplinary perspective on holy places and their development, rhetorical force, and oft-contested nature. Through a particular focus on Jerusalem, this volume demonstrates the variety in the study of holy places, as well as the flexibility of geographic and historical aspects of holiness”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020044642 (print) | LCCN 2020044643 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004437180 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004437210 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sacred space—Congresses. | Religions—Relations—Congresses. | Jerusalem—In Judaism—Congresses. | Jerusalem—In Christianity—Congresses. | Jerusalem—In Islam—Congresses. Classification: LCC BL580 .J47 2018 (print) | LCC BL580 (ebook) | DDC 203/.5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020044642 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020044643 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1388-2074 ISBN 978-90-04-43718-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-43721-0 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Pieter B. Hartog, Shulamit Laderman, Vered Tohar and Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Introduction 1 Pieter B. Hartog, Shulamit Laderman, Vered Tohar, and Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen 1 Graves as Holy Places? The Development of Jewish and National Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967 8 Doron Bar 2 Rabbinic Literature’s Hidden Polemic: Sacred Space in the World of the Sages 25 Eyal Ben-Eliyahu 3 Inner Sanctum: Digital Labyrinths as Postmodern Pilgrimages: the Cases of the Talos Principle and the Turing Test 50 Frank G. Bosman 4 The Dome and the Rock Where Adam, Moses, and Jesus Meet 71 Katia Cytryn-Silverman 5 Synagogues as Foci of Multi-Religious and Ideological Confrontation? The Case of the Sardis Synagogue 97 Steven Fine 6 Psalm 47 as a Song of Zion: Nationalistic and Universalistic Tendencies 109 David Frankel 7 Where Shall Wisdom Be Found? Identity, Sacred Space, and Universal Knowledge in Philostratus and Acts of the Apostles 131 Pieter B. Hartog 8 “Holy Mokum”—a Case Study: the Dynamics of Sacred Place at Kastanjeplein, Amsterdam on National Remembrance Day 150 Willem Jan de Hek vi Contents 9 The Garden in Eden: a Holy Place? 170 Robin B. ten Hoopen 10 Rituals of Holy Places in the 11th Century: the Circling of the Gates of Jerusalem and Pilgrimage to the Cave of Machpelah 193 Tamar Kadari and Gila Vachman 11 Church History and Archaeology on Holy Places in the Netherlands 213 Gert van Klinken 12 Seeing Jerusalem through Selected Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Collective Memory’s Visualizations 227 Shulamit Laderman 13 From Church to Synagogue: the Bankras Church (Amstelveen, the Netherlands) as a Case from the Responsa 258 Leon Mock 14 The “Inn of the Good Samaritan”: Religious, Civic and Political Rhetoric of a Biblical Site 275 Eric Ottenheijm 15 A Sense of Place and the Jewish Temple: from the Book of Psalms to the Temple Scroll 297 Eyal Regev 16 Remnants of Jewish Holiness in the Al Aksa Mosque in The Hague: Emotions, Rules, and “Iconic Fields” 316 Lieve M. Teugels 17 Sacred Stones: Literary and Folkloric Representations of the Remains of the Holy Temple 339 Vered Tohar 18 Jerusalem as an Aposiopesis in Old and New Testament Texts 355 Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen Index of Ancient Sources 373 Index of Modern Authors 382 Figures and Tables Figures 4.1 The dome over the Ṣakhra. Photo by Pini Chemo, courtesy of David’s Tower Museum 74 4.2 The Ṣakhra from above. Photo from Matson (G. Eric and Edith) Photograph Collection at the Library of Congress 82 4.3 Mosaics of the lower section the Dome of the Rock’s drum, and a detail of the Ayyūbid naskhī inscription, with verses 20–21 of Sūrat Ṭā hā. From Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Sharif: An Iconographic Study, Qedem 28 (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1989), plate 16. Photo reproduced with the permission of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 87 4.4 The gilded stucco-decorated dome, with inscriptions referring to two of the four rulers involved with its renovation, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (1190) and al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalawūn (1318). Photo courtesy by Amiel Meitav 91 8.1 Bird’s eye view of the Oosterpark neighborhood looking in a northwestern direction. © Google Maps, 2019 152 8.2 Participants walk a circular course over the square. © Willem Jan de Hek, 2018 153 8.3 A large map of planks is laid out over the square, projecting the street pattern of the neighborhood. © Willem Jan de Hek, 2018 154 8.4 Kastanjeplein turns out to be a rich and storied place on 4 May. © Willem Jan de Hek, 2018 166 10.1 Detail from MS Oxford Bodleian Library 102, fol 286v. By permission of The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford, MS Selden Super 194 12.1 Nicolas Poussin, The Destruction and Sack of the Temple of Jerusalem (1625–1626). Courtesy of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel 228 12.2 Torah niche (ciborium) in the third-century Dura-Europos synagogue. National Museum in Damascus. Public Domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue#/media/File:Dura_Synagogue_ciborium. jpg 232 12.3 The mosaic floors of the fourth-century Hammat Tiberias. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquity Authority 234 12.4 The mosaic floor in the Bet Alpha synagogue. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquity Authority 235 12.5a Perpignan Bible. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Heb. 7, Bible, fol. 12v. Courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 236 viii Figures and Tables 12.5b Perpignan Bible. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Heb. 7, Bible, fol. 13r. Courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 237 12.6 Regensburg Bible, Aaron the high priest kindling the menorah in the Tabernacle. Illustrated manuscript of the Pentateuch, Bavaria, c. 1300, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 180/52, fol. 155v. By permission of The Israel Museum 239 12.7 Saragosa 1404: illustration of an olive tree on a mound, framed by Zech 14:4. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Heb 31, Bible, fol. 4V. By permission of Bibliothèque nationale de France 240 12.8 Madaba mosaic map in Jordan. Photo: Michele Piccirillo, The Mosaics of Jordan (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 1993), fig. 103. By permission of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum 242 12.9 The Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099. Guillaume de Tyr, Historia, BNF MS FR 352 fol. 62”. By permission of Bibliothèque nationale de France 247 12.10 Sayyid Ali’s Kitab shawq nameh (Pilgrimage Guide), which illustrates Muhammad’s apocalyptic journey from the Dome of the Rock up to heaven. From the Collection of the National Maritime Museum, Haifa. Photograph: Stas Korolov 249 12.11 Mordechai Ardon, stained glass triptych of Isaiah’s prophecy about Jerusalem, Hebrew University of Jerusalem National Library 1980–1984. Photo by Hanan Cohen (National Library of Israel), used with permission of Mrs Ora Ardon 253 13.1 Interior of the Bankras Church. Photo: http://www.amstelveenweb.com 272 14.1 Still of the 1925 Good Samaritan scene, featuring Samaritan High Priest Yitzhaq ben ʿAmram. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=UZglOW-iRW0 287 14.2 Still of the 1925 Good Samaritan scene: two “Jews” in Yemenite and Chassidic attire, and Yitzhaq ben ʿAmram. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=UZglOW-iRW0 287 14.3 Former Byzantine church with modern roofing. Background: the Crusader Fortress. Picture: Rob Nelisse 290 14.4 Postcard picture of the Ottoman inn, 1906. http://www.soniahalliday.com/ category-view3.php?pri=PA10-32-44.jpg 294 Tables 9.1 Features of ANE gardens 186 14.1 Acts of seeing in the parable of the Good Samaritan 279 Introduction Pieter B. Hartog, Shulamit Laderman, Vered Tohar, and Archibald L.H.M. van Wieringen It seems that the concept of a holy place is as old as the concept of religion itself, if not older. Holy places are a source for empowerment, but they are also a major ground for confrontations between cultures and ethnic groups. This volume is not intended to blur conflicts, but rather to observe and analyse them from the perspective of cultural studies. Although holiness is an abstract concept, the holy place is a concrete one. We tend to attribute holiness to a certain geographical location, and this loca- tion tends to become a space which transcends human lives and human time. Under the impression that the 21st century has ushered in a new and increased interest in the idea of holiness and the dialogue between the holy and the sa- cred, this volume wishes to propose a contribution to the subject dedicated to the geographical and metaphysical aspects of this issue. Holy places play a leading role in many religious traditions. Most impor- tant to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Jerusalem is considered to be a holy city and a religious centre that contains numerous sacred places. Occupying a place of pride in the experience of believers, the sacred places commemorate historical events or venerate awe-inspiring features in nature. Although at first it appears that holy places are only significant to the ad- herents of a specific religion and not to those of other beliefs, upon closer in- vestigation the matter is more complex. Often a holy place seeks to obscure an earlier or simultaneous veneration of the same spot by a different religion. Holy places continue to display a multi-religious character despite religious and political efforts to obscure that fact. Curiously, despite the antagonism that often exists between two religions, a site’s sanctification by one religion seems to attract veneration by another. Apparently, the rejection of holy places by one religion does not always lead to physical distancing by another. This volume is the outcome of a multi-disciplinary international conference that took place at the Schechter Institute in Jerusalem in May 2018, with the participation of Israeli, American, and Dutch scholars. The fields of interest which were represented were Jewish thought, anthropology, geography, Jewish literature, biblical studies, rabbinic studies, liturgy studies, communication studies, Israel studies, and Islam studies. © Pieter B. Hartog et al., 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004437210_002