a LANGE medical book Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology Twenty-Sixth Edition Geo. F. Brooks, MD Stephen A. Morse, PhD Professor of Laboratory Medicine Associate Director for Environmental Microbiology and Microbiology and Immunology Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Chief, Microbiology Section Environmental Diseases Clinical Laboratories National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic University of California Infectious Diseases San Francisc, California Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia Karen C. Carroll, MD Timothy A. Mietzner, PhD Professor of Pathology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Associate Professor Director, Division Medical Microbiology Department of Microbiology and Molecular The Johns Hopkins Hospital Genetics Baltimore, Maryland University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Janet S. Butel, PhD Adjunct Associate Professor of Microbiology Distinguished Service Professor Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health Chair, Department of Molecular Virology and Mesa, Arizona Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-181578-9 MHID: 0-07-181578-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-179031-4, MHID: 0-07-179031-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. www.ketabdownload.com Contents iii Contents Preface xi I S E C T I O N The Meaning of Growth 55 FunDAMenTAlS oF Exponential Growth 55 MiCroBioloGy 1 The Growth Curve 57 Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase 58 Stephen A. Morse, PhD*, and Timothy A. Meitzner, PhD Definition and Measurement of Death 58 1. The Science of Microbiology 1 Antimicrobial Agents 60 Introduction 1 Objectives 65 Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology 1 Review Questions 65 Viruses 2 5. Cultivation of Microorganisms 67 Prions 2 Requirements for Growth 67 Prokaryotes 3 Sources of Metabolic Energy 67 Protists 6 Nutrition 68 Chapter Summary 8 Environmental Factors Affecting Growth 69 Review Questions 8 Cultivation Methods 72 2. Cell Structure 11 Chapter Summary 75 Optical Methods 11 Review Questions 76 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 13 6. Microbial Metabolism 77 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 15 Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and Staining 39 Growth 77 Morphologic Changes During Growth 40 Focal Metabolites and Their Chapter Summary 40 Interconversion 77 Review Questions 41 Assimilatory Pathways 80 3. Classification of Bacteria 43 Biosynthetic Pathways 88 Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Microbiology 43 Metabolism 91 Criteria for Classification of Bacteria 44 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways 96 Classification Systems 45 Chapter Summary 98 Description of the Major Categories and Groups Review Questions 99 of Bacteria 48 7. Microbial Genetics 101 Subtyping and Its Application 50 Organization of Genes 101 Nucleic Acid–Based Taxonomy 51 Replication 106 Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Transfer of DNA 107 Pathogenic Microorganisms 53 Mutation and Gene Rearrangement 111 Objectives 53 Gene Expression 111 Review Questions 53 Genetic Engineering 115 4. The Growth, Survival, and Death of Characterization of Cloned DNA 118 Microorganisms 55 Site-Directed Mutagenesis 119 Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Analysis With Cloned DNA: Hybridization Environment 55 Probes 119 iii www.ketabdownload.com iv Contents Manipulation of Cloned DNA 120 Bacillus cereus 178 Objectives 121 Clostridium Species 178 Objectives 121 Clostridium botulinum 179 Clostridium tetani 180 II Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections 181 S E C T I O N Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease 183 iMMunoloGy 123 Review Questions 183 12. A erobic non–Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Barbara Detrick, PhD Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria, 8. immunology 123 Erysipelothrix, Actinomycetes, and related Overview 123 Pathogens 187 Innate Immunity 123 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 188 Adaptive Immunity 127 Other Coryneform Bacteria 191 Complement 138 Listeria monocytogenes 192 Cytokines 140 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 193 Hypersensitivity 141 Actinomycetes 194 Deficiencies of the Immune Response 142 Nocardiosis 194 Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Actinomycetoma 195 Testing) 143 Review Questions 195 Chapter Summary 145 13. The Staphylococci 199 Review Questions 147 Chapter Summary 205 Review Questions 206 III S E C T I O N 14. The Streptococci, enterococci, and related BACTerioloGy 149 Genera 209 Classification of Streptococci 209 Karen C. Carroll, MD Streptococci of Particular Medical interest 211 Streptococcus pyogenes 211 9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial infection 149 Streptococcus agalactiae 216 Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease 150 Groups C and G 217 Transmission of Infection 151 Group D Streptococci 217 The Infectious Process 152 Streptococcus anginosus Group 217 Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity 152 Group N Streptococci 217 Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors 153 Groups E, F, G, H, and K–U Streptococci 217 Bacterial Virulence Factors 154 Viridans Streptococci 218 Chapter Summary 161 Nutritionally Variant Streptococci 218 Review Questions 162 Peptostreptococcus and Related 10. normal Human Microbiota 165 Genera 218 Human Microbiome Project 165 Streptococcus pneumoniae 218 Role of the Resident Microbiota 165 Enterococci 222 Normal Microbiota of the Skin 167 Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Cocci 224 Respiratory Tract 167 Review Questions 225 Normal Microbiota of the Urethra 172 15. enteric Gram-negative rods Normal Microbiota of the Vagina 172 (Enterobacteriaceae) 229 Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva 172 Classification 229 Chapter Summary 172 Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Review Questions 173 Than Salmonella and Shigella 233 11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus The Shigellae 236 and Clostridium Species 175 The Salmonella-Arizona Group 238 Bacillus Species 175 Chapter Summary 241 Bacillus anthracis 175 Review Questions 241 www.ketabdownload.com Contents v 16. Pseudomonads, Acinetobacters, and uncommon 19. Yersinia and Pasteurella 279 Gram-negative Bacteria 245 Yersinia pestis and Plague 279 The Pseudomonad Group 245 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia Pseudomonas aeruginosa 245 pseudotuberculosis 281 Burkholderia pseudomallei 248 Pasteurella 282 Burkholderia mallei 248 Review Questions 282 Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Burkholderia 20. The neisseriae 285 Gladioli 248 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 285 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 249 Neisseria meningitidis 291 Acinetobacter 249 Other Neisseriae 292 Other Pseudomonads 249 Chapter Summary 293 uncommon Gram-negative Bacteria 250 Review Questions 293 Aggregatibacter 250 21. infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria 295 Achromobacter and Alcaligenes 250 Physiology and Growth Conditions for Ochrobactrum 250 Anaerobes 295 Capnocytophaga 250 Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Cardiobacterium 250 Infections 296 Chromobacteria 250 Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis 297 Eikenella corrodens 251 Gardnerella vaginalis 297 Chryseobacterium 251 Mobiluncus Species 297 Kingella 251 Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections 300 Moraxella 251 Immunity in Anaerobic Infections 300 Chapter Summary 251 The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic Review Questions 251 Infections 300 17. Vibrios, Campylobacters, Helicobacter, Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections 301 and Associated Bacteria 255 Treatment of Anaerobic Infections 301 The Vibrios 255 Chapter Summary 301 Vibrio Cholerae 255 Review Questions 302 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrios 258 22. legionellae, Bartonella, and unusual Bacterial Aeromonas 259 Pathogens 305 Plesiomonas 259 Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae 305 Campylobacter 259 Bartonella 308 Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli 259 Streptobacillus moniliformis 310 Campylobacter fetus 261 Whipple Disease 310 Other Campylobacters 261 Review Questions 310 Helicobacter Pylori 261 Review Questions 263 23. Mycobacteria 313 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 313 18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella, Other Mycobacteria 321 and Francisella 265 Mycobacterium leprae 323 The Haemophilus Species 265 Review Questions 324 Haemophilus influenzae 265 Haemophilus aegyptius 267 24. Spirochetes and other Spiral Aggregatibacter aphrophilus 268 Microorganisms 327 Haemophilus ducreyi 268 Treponema 327 Other Haemophilus Species 268 Treponema pallidum and Syphilis 327 The Bordetellae 268 Diseases Related To Syphilis 331 Bordetella pertussis 268 Borrelia 331 Bordetella parapertussis 270 Borrelia Species and Relapsing Fever 331 Bordetella bronchiseptica 270 Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease 333 The Brucellae 271 Leptospira and leptospirosis 335 Francisella Tularensis and Tularemia 273 other Spirochetal Diseases 337 Review Questions 275 Spirillum minor (Spirillum morsus muris) 337 www.ketabdownload.com vi Contents Spirochetes of the Normal Mouth and Antimicrobial Activity in Vivo 379 Mucous Membranes 337 Host–Pathogen Relationships 380 Review Questions 338 Clinical use of Antibiotics 381 Selection of Antibiotics 381 25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall–Defective Dangers of Indiscriminate Use 381 Bacteria 341 Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination 382 Mycoplasmas 341 Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis 383 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic Pneumonias 343 Administration 384 Mycoplasma hominis 344 Penicillins 384 Ureaplasma urealyticum 345 Cephalosporins 390 Mycoplasma genitalium 345 Other b-Lactam Drugs 393 Cell Wall–Defective Bacteria 345 Tetracyclines 394 Chapter Summary 345 Glycylcyclines 394 Review Questions 345 Chloramphenicol 395 26. rickettsia and related Genera 349 Erythromycins 395 General 349 Clindamycin and Lincomycin 396 Rickettsia and Orientia 349 Glycopeptides and Lipopeptides 396 Ehrlichia and Anaplasma 353 Streptogramins 397 Coxiella Burnetii 354 Oxazolidinones 397 Review Questions 356 Bacitracin 397 Polymyxins 397 27. Chlamydia Spp. 359 Aminoglycosides 398 Chlamydia Trachomatis ocular, Genital, and Quinolones 399 respiratory infections 362 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 401 Trachoma 362 Other Drugs With Specialized Uses 401 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Drugs Used Primarily To Treat Mycobacterial Inclusion Conjunctivitis 363 Infections 402 Chlamydia Trachomatis And neonatal Review Questions 403 Pneumonia 364 Lymphogranuloma Venereum 364 Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory IV S E C T I O N Infections 365 Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis 366 ViroloGy 407 Chapter Summary 368 Review Questions 368 Jane Butel, PhD 28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 371 29. General Properties of Viruses 407 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Terms and Definitions in Virology 407 Drugs 371 Evolutionary Origin of Viruses 408 Selective Toxicity 371 Classification of Viruses 408 Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis 371 Principles of Virus Structure 414 Inhibition of Cell Membrane Function 373 Chemical Composition of Viruses 415 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 373 Cultivation and Assay of Viruses 416 Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 375 Purification and Identification of Viruses 418 resistance To Antimicrobial Drugs 375 Laboratory Safety 419 Origin of Drug Resistance 376 Reaction To Physical and Chemical Cross-Resistance 376 Agents 419 Limitation of Drug Resistance 376 Replication of Viruses: An Overview 420 Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance 377 Genetics of Animal Viruses 425 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity 378 Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of Antimicrobial Activity in Vitro 378 Transmission of Viruses 427 Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity 379 Chapter Summary 428 Drug–Pathogen Relationships 379 Review Questions 429 www.ketabdownload.com Contents vii 30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral 36. Picornaviruses (enterovirus and rhinovirus Diseases 431 Groups) 527 Principles of Viral Diseases 431 Properties of Picornaviruses 527 Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases 431 enterovirus Group 531 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Polioviruses 531 Infections 441 Coxsackieviruses 533 Chapter Summary 449 Other Enteroviruses 536 Review Questions 449 Enteroviruses in the Environment 537 Rhinoviruses 538 31. Parvoviruses 451 Parechovirus Group 539 Properties of Parvoviruses 451 Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Parvovirus Infections in Humans 452 Cattle) 539 Chapter Summary 455 Chapter Summary 540 Review Questions 455 Review Questions 540 32. Adenoviruses 457 37. reoviruses, rotaviruses, and Properties of Adenoviruses 457 Caliciviruses 543 Adenovirus Infections in Humans 461 reoviruses and rotaviruses 543 Chapter Summary 464 Rotaviruses 544 Review Questions 464 Reoviruses 548 33. Herpesviruses 467 Caliciviruses 548 Properties of Herpesviruses 467 Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses 548 Herpesvirus infections in Humans 471 Astroviruses 551 Herpes Simplex Viruses 471 Chapter Summary 551 Varicella-Zoster Virus 476 Review Questions 551 Cytomegalovirus 480 38. Arthropod-Borne and rodent-Borne Epstein-Barr Virus 484 Viral Diseases 553 Human Herpesvirus 6 487 Human Arbovirus infections 553 Human Herpesvirus 7 487 Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis 555 Human Herpesvirus 8 488 Yellow Fever 562 B Virus 488 Dengue 564 Chapter Summary 489 Bunyavirus Encephalitis 566 Review Questions 489 Sandfly Fever 566 34. Poxviruses 493 Rift Valley Fever 566 Properties of Poxviruses 493 Colorado Tick Fever 567 Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers 567 and Variola 496 Bunyavirus Diseases 567 Monkeypox Infections 501 Arenavirus Diseases 569 Cowpox Infections 501 Filovirus Diseases 571 Buffalopox Infections 501 Chapter Summary 573 Orf Virus Infections 501 Review Questions 573 Molluscum Contagiosum 501 39. orthomyxoviruses (influenza Viruses) 577 Tanapox and Yaba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Properties of Orthomyxoviruses 577 Infections 503 Influenza Virus Infections in Humans 583 Chapter Summary 504 Chapter Summary 588 Review Questions 504 Review Questions 589 35. Hepatitis Viruses 507 40. Paramyxoviruses and rubella Virus 591 Properties of Hepatitis Viruses 507 Properties of Paramyxoviruses 591 Hepatitis Virus Infections Parainfluenza Virus Infections 594 in Humans 512 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections 598 Chapter Summary 524 Human Metapneumovirus Infections 600 Review Questions 524 Mumps Virus Infections 601 www.ketabdownload.com viii Contents Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections 603 Superficial Mycoses 676 Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections 606 Cutaneous Mycoses 677 Rubella (German Measles) Virus Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous Infections 607 Mycoses 681 Postnatal Rubella 607 Subcutaneous Mycoses 681 Congenital Rubella Syndrome 609 Sporotrichosis 681 Chapter Summary 609 Chromoblastomycosis 682 Review Questions 510 Phaeohyphomycosis 684 Mycetoma 684 41. Coronaviruses 613 Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses 685 Properties of Coronaviruses 613 Endemic Mycoses 685 Coronavirus Infections in Humans 615 Coccidioidomycosis 686 Chapter Summary 617 Histoplasmosis 689 Review Questions 617 Blastomycosis 692 42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Paracoccidioidomycosis 693 Diseases 619 Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses 694 Rabies 619 Opportunistic Mycoses 694 Borna Disease 626 Candidiasis 694 Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases 626 Cryptococcosis 697 Chapter Summary 629 Aspergillosis 699 Review Questions 629 Mucormycosis 701 Pneumocystis Pneumonia 702 43. Human Cancer Viruses 633 Penicilliosis 702 General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis 633 Other Opportunistic Mycoses 702 Retroviruses 635 Key Concepts: Opportunistic Cellular Oncogenes 641 Mycoses 703 Tumor Suppressor Genes 642 Antifungal Prophylaxis 703 DNA Tumor Viruses 642 Hypersensitivity to Fungi 703 Polyomaviruses 642 Mycotoxins 704 Papillomaviruses 644 Antifungal Chemotherapy 704 Adenoviruses 647 Topical Antifungal Agents 709 Herpesviruses 648 Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy 710 Poxviruses 648 Review Questions 710 Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus 648 How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human Cancer 649 VI S E C T I O N Chapter Summary 649 Review Questions 649 PARASITOLOGY 715 44. AIDS and Lentiviruses 653 Judy A. Sakanari, PhD, and Properties of Lentiviruses 653 James H. McKerrow, MD, PhD HIV Infections in Humans 657 Chapter Summary 667 46. Medical Parasitology 715 Review Questions 667 Classification of Parasites 715 Intestinal Protozoan Infections 719 Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate) 719 V S E C T I O N Key Concepts: Parasitic Protozoa 719 Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue MYCOLOGY 671 Ameba) 720 Other Intestinal Amebae 722 Thomas G. Mitchell, PhD Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa) 722 45. Medical Mycology 671 Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa) 723 General Properties and Classification of Fungi 672 Sexually Transmitted Protozoan Growth and Isolation of Fungi 676 Infection 723 www.ketabdownload.com Contents ix Trichomonas vaginalis (Genitourinary Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke), Flagellate) 723 Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke), and Blood and Tissue Protozoan infections 723 Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)—Tissue Blood Flagellates 723 Trematodes 745 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T b Schistosoma mansoni, S japonicum, and S gambiense (Blood Flagellates) 724 haematobium (Blood Flukes) 746 Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate) 725 Tissue Cestode infections (Caused by the larval Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates) 725 Stages) 746 Entamoeba histolytica (Tissue Ameba)—See Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/ Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section 727 Neurocysticercosis 746 Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst) 746 and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Review Questions 748 Amebae) 727 Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa) 727 VII Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa) 731 S E C T I O N Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa) 732 DiAGnoSTiC MeDiCAl Microsporidia 733 MiCroBioloGy AnD CliniCAl intestinal Helminthic infections 733 CorrelATion 753 Key Concepts: Parasitic Helminths 733 Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm—Intestinal Nematode) 734 Karen C. Carroll, MD Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal 47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical Nematode) 734 Microbiology 753 Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm— Communication Between Physician and Intestinal Nematode) 738 Laboratory 753 Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal (Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode) 739 Infections 754 Strongyloides stercoralis (Human Threadworm— The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) 740 Microbiota 765 Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal And Tissue Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Nematode) 741 Therapy 766 Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke— Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site 767 Intestinal Trematode) 741 Anaerobic Infections 773 Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections 773 Cestode) and Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm— Diagnosis of Viral Infections 775 Intestinal and Tissue Cestode) 741 Review Questions 783 Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm— Intestinal Cestode) 742 48. Cases and Clinical Correlations 785 Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm—Intestinal Central nervous System 785 Cestode) 742 respiratory 789 Dipylidium caninum (Dog Tapeworm—Intestinal Heart 793 Cestode) 743 Abdomen 795 Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia urinary Tract 800 Malayi (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue Bone and Soft Tissue 802 Nematodes) 743 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 803 Blood and Tissue Helminthic infections 743 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infections 806 Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness—Tissue HiV-1 and Aids 809 Nematode) 743 infections in Transplant Patients 813 Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue Biologic Warfare and Bioterrorism 817 Nematode) 744 Larva Migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode Index 823 Infections) 745 www.ketabdownload.com