Japan’s Modern History, 1857–1937 Over the course of the period 1857–1937 in Japan, six distinct stages can be identi- fied as the country moved from Shogun rule and its subsequent overthrow, through industrialisation and investment, to the Meiji Constitution and then from Taish(cid:448) democracy to Sh(cid:448)wa fascism. In this book, Junji Banno stresses the mutual rela- tionships between each period and, to this end, renames them accordingly: the age of reform; the age of revolution; the age of construction; the age of management; the age of reorganisation; and the age of crisis. Following this model, the book covers 80 years of history in Japan, focusing on political history and foreign relations, with extensive material on economic devel- opment and the foreign influences on political institutions and practices. Based on extensive archival research, Japan’s Modern History synoptically considers the key trends and their significance over the period 1857–1937. In turn, it presents in detail fascinating information on many of the main leaders and other significant figures, with extensive quotations from their writings, letters and diaries. This book is a translation into English of a major work of scholarship by a lead- ing historian of modern Japan and it may be considered the apex of Junji Banno’s work in the field. As such, it will be of great interest to students and scholars of both Japanese history and history more broadly. Junji Banno is Professor Emeritus of Tokyo University, Japan. The Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series Series Editors: Roger Goodman, Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, University of Oxford, Fellow, St Antony’s College J.A.A. Stockwin, formerly Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies and former Director of the Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, University of Oxford, Emeritus Fellow, St Antony’s College Other titles in the series: The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness Japanese Economic Development Peter Dale Theory and practice Second edition The Emperor’s Adviser Penelope Francks Saionji Kinmochi and pre-war Japanese politics Japan and Protection Lesley Connors The growth of protectionist sentiment and the Japanese response A History of Japanese Economic Syed Javed Maswood Thought Tessa Morris-Suzuki The Soil, by Nagatsuka Takashi The Establishment of the Japanese A portrait of rural life in Meiji Japan Constitutional System Translated and with an introduction Junji Banno by Ann Waswo Translated by J.A.A. Stockwin Biotechnology in Japan Industrial Relations in Japan Malcolm Brock The peripheral workforce Norma Chalmers Britain’s Educational Reform A comparison with Japan Banking Policy in Japan Michael Howarth American efforts at reform during the Occupation Language and the Modern State William M. Tsutsui The reform of written Japanese Nanette Twine Educational Reform in Japan Leonard Schoppa Industrial Harmony in Modern How the Japanese Learn to Work Japan Second edition The intervention of a tradition Ronald P. Dore and Mari Sako W. Dean Kinzley Japanese Science Fiction Militarization and Demilitarization A view of a changing society in Contemporary Japan Robert Matthew Glenn D. Hook The Japanese Numbers Game Growing a Japanese Science City The use and understanding of numbers Communication in scientific research in modern Japan James W. Dearing Thomas Crump Architecture and Authority in Japan Ideology and Practice in Modern William H. Coaldrake Japan Edited by Roger Goodman and Women’s Gidayû and the Japanese Kirsten Refsing Theatre Tradition A. Kimi Coaldrake Technology and Industrial Develop- ment in Pre-War Japan Democracy in Post-War Japan Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, Maruyama Masao and the search for 1884–1934 autonomy Yukiko Fukasaku Rikki Kersten Japan’s Early Parliaments, 1890–1905 Treacherous Women of Imperial Structure, issues and trends Japan Andrew Fraser, R.H.P. Mason and Patriarchal fictions, patricidal fantasies Philip Mitchell Hélène Bowen Raddeker Japan’s Foreign Aid Challenge Japanese–German Business Relations Policy reform and aid leadership Co-operation and rivalry in the Alan Rix inter-war period Akira Kudô Emperor Hirohito and Shôwa Japan A political biography Japan, Race and Equality Stephen S. 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Javed Maswood Society and the State in Inter-War Globalizing Japan Japan Ethnography of the Japanese presence Edited by Elise K. Tipton in America, Asia and Europe Edited by Harumi Befu and Sylvie Japanese–Soviet/Russian Relations Guichard-Anguis since 1945 A difficult peace Japan at Play Kimie Hara The ludic and logic of power Edited by Joy Hendry and Massimo Interpreting History in Sino– Raveri Japanese Relations A case study in political decision The Making of Urban Japan making Cities and planning from Edo to the Caroline Rose twenty-first century André Sorensen Endô Shûsaku A literature of reconciliation Public Policy and Economic Mark B. Williams Competition in Japan Change and continuity in Green Politics in Japan antimonopoly policy, 1973–1995 Lam Peng-Er Michael L. Beeman The Japanese High School Men and Masculinities in Silence and resistance Contemporary Japan Shoko Yoneyama Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa Edited by James E. Roberson and Engineers in Japan and Britain Nobue Suzuki Education, training and employment Kevin McCormick The Voluntary and Non-Profit Sector in Japan The Politics of Agriculture in Japan The challenge of change Aurelia George Mulgan Edited by Stephen P. Osborne Japan’s Security Relations with The Changing Japanese Political China System From balancing to bandwagoning The Liberal Democratic Party and the Reinhard Drifte Ministry of Finance Harumi Hori Understanding Japanese Society Third edition Japan’s Agricultural Policy Joy Hendry Regime Aurelia George Mulgan Japanese Electoral Politics Creating a new party system Cold War Frontiers in the Edited by Steven R. Reed Asia-Pacific Divided territories in the The Japanese–Soviet Neutrality San Francisco System Pact Kimie Hara A diplomatic history, 1941–1945 Boris Slavinsky Living Cities in Japan Translated by Geoffrey Jukes Citizens’ movements, Machizukuri and local environments Academic Nationalism in China and Andre Sorensen and Carolin Funck Japan Framed by concepts of nature, culture Resolving the Russo–Japanese and the universal Territorial Dispute Margaret Sleeboom Hokkaido–Sakhalin relations Brad Williams The Race to Commercialize Biotechnology Modern Japan Molecules, markets and the state in the A Social and political history United States and Japan Second edition Steve W. Collins Elise K. Tipton Institutions, Incentives and The Transformation of the Japanese Electoral Participation in Japan Left Cross-level and cross-national From old socialists to new democrats perspectives Sarah Hyde Yusaku Horiuchi Social Class in Contemporary Japan Japan’s Interventionist State Edited by Hiroshi Ishida and The role of the MAFF David H. Slater Aurelia George Mulgan The US–Japan Alliance Japan’s Sea Lane Security, Balancing soft and hard power in East 1940–2004 Asia ‘A matter of life and death’? Edited by David Arase and Euan Graham Tsuneo Akaha Party Politics and Decentralization Understanding Japanese Society in Japan and France Fourth edition When the Opposition governs Joy Hendry Koichi Nakano Japan’s Emerging Youth Policy The Buraku Issue and Modern Japan Getting young adults back to work The career of Matsumoto Jiichiro Tuukka Toivonen Ian Neary The Organisational Dynamics of Labor Migration from China to University Reform in Japan Japan International inside out International students, transnational Jeremy Breaden migrants Gracia Liu-Farrer Schoolgirls, Money and Rebellion in Japan Policy Entrepreneurship and Sharon Kinsella Elections in Japan A political biography of Ozawa Ichir(cid:448) Social Inequality in Japan Takashi Oka Sawako Shirahase Japan’s Postwar The Great Transformation of Edited by Michael Lucken, Anne Japanese Capitalism Bayard-Sakai and Emmanuel Lozer Edited by Sébastien Lechevalier Translated by J.A.A. Stockwin Translated by J. A. A. Stockwin An Emerging Non-Regular Labour Neighborhood Associations and Force in Japan Local Governance in Japan The dignity of dispatched workers Robert Pekkanen, Yutaka Tsujinaka Huiyan Fu and Hidehiro Yamamoto Translated by Leslie Tkach-Kawasaki A Sociology of Japanese Youth From returnees to NEETs Japan’s International Fisheries Edited by Roger Goodman, Yuki Imoto Policy and Tuukka Toivonen Roger Smith Natural Disaster and Nuclear Crisis Japan’s Modern History in Japan A new political narrative Response and recovery after Japan’s Junji Banno 3/11 Translated by J. A. A. Stockwin Edited by Jeff Kingston Configurations of Family in Urban Spaces in Japan Contemporary Japan Edited by Christoph Brumann and Edited by Tomoko Aoyama, Laura Evelyn Schulz Dales and Romit Dasgupta Japan’s Modern History, 1857–1937 A new political narrative Junji Banno Translated by J.A.A. Stockwin First published in Japanese in 2012 as Nihon kindai shi by Chikuma Shinsho Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Junji Banno The right of Junji Banno to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him/her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data [Nihon kindaishi. English] Japan’s modern history : a new political narrative / Junji Banno; translated by J.A.A. Stockwin. pages cm.—(Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Japan—History—Restoration, 1853–1870. 2. Japan—History—Meiji period, 1868–1912. 3. Japan—History—1912–1945. I. Title. DS881.3.B349613 2014 952.05—dc23 2014006372 ISBN: 978–1–138–77517–6 (hbk) ISBN: 978–1–315–77395–7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Contents Series Editor's preface xi Translator’s introduction xiii Conventions xv Map xvi Introduction xvii 1 Reform, 1857–1863 1 ‘Revere the Emperor, expel the foreigner’ (sonn(cid:448) j(cid:448)i) versus ‘support the Sh(cid:448)gun, open the country’ (sabaku kaikoku) 1 Saig(cid:448) Takamori and his argument for a ‘multi-party alliance’ 4 Independent military expedition or multi-party alliance? 10 The rise of sonn(cid:448) j(cid:448)i and confrontation between Satsuma and Ch(cid:448)sh(cid:460) 13 The confused year, 1862 16 2 Revolution, 1863–1871 21 Rehabilitation of the Saig(cid:448) Scheme 21 Feudal parliament 24 The Sat–Ch(cid:448) alliance 28 Feudal parliament, or ‘overthrow the Bakufu by force’? 34 The end of revolution 39 Dissolution and reconstruction of the ‘Imperial Army’ 47 3 Construction, 1871–1880 53 Demanding a blueprint for ‘construction’: the inspection tour of Europe and America by the Iwakura Mission 53 ‘Strong army’ and ‘public opinion’: the split over invading Korea and the proposal for a popularly elected assembly 58 ‘Prosperous country’ and ‘fairness and public opinion’ 63