3/22/09 Japan’s Historic Mission: Completing Fukuzawa’s Revolution The Forgotten History of Japan and the American System by Mark Calney 1. JAPAN’S HISTORIC MISSION “The relationship between China and Japan is one of common existence or extinction. Without Japan, there would be no China; without China, there would be no Japan. … Under the principle of Pan-Asianism, Japan and China can together develop the natural resources in the West of the Pacific, while under the Monroe Doctrine the United States can unify authority in the East of that ocean. ... By a concerted effort of these three Powers disarmament might some day be effected, and, going one step further, permanent peace of the world secured.” - Sun Yat-sen, The Vital Problem of China (1917) [emphasis in the original] On January 20th of this year, humanity experienced a deep collective sigh of relief as the evil Dick Cheney and the criminally incompetent George W. Bush, Jr. were removed from control of the White House as Barrack Obama was inaugurated to become the 44th President of the United States. The eminent threat of a British-directed U.S. attack on Iran, utilizing the loyal services of Cheney, would have widened the war in Southwest Asia to a potential global conflagration, has been stopped for the time being. Now, we find ourselves challenged by the greatest financial and economic collapse in modern history which threatens to plunge the planet into a New Dark Age. President Franklin Roosevelt fought and defeated the fascist movements of the early twentieth-century, which had been organized by the pro-fascist banking-interests of London and its junior partners on Wall Street. Those Wall Street fascists, like Andrew Mellon and J.P. “Jack” Morgan, attempted to overthrow the government of President Franklin Roosevelt, in much the same way that they supported Mussolini’s and Hitler’s illegal rise to power, now have started to sabotage President Obama. What the British Empire fears most is that the U.S. will undergo an “FDR reflex,” where the Administration would repeat the actions of FDR to put the derivative-bloated Wall Street banking-houses through bankruptcy “detox” and take the necessary recovery measures prescribed by Lyndon LaRouche, the only economist to have predicted the current economic crisis. Rather than have the U.S. lead a four-power coalition including Russia, China, and India in the establishment of a FDR-style Bretton Woods financial system proposed by LaRouche, the British are hysterically acting to maintain their usurious stranglehold on the world, through political destabilizations that would plunge the world into “perpetual war.” The return to global empire (the true nature of the term 1 “globalization”), under British direction, necessitates their elimination of all sovereign nations states, especially the United States of America. In order to prevent the kind of strategic partnership between the United States and China, as envisioned by Sun Yat-sen, the U.S. fascists (sometimes referred to as ‘Neocons’ or ‘Neo-conservatives’ in polite company) and their British masters have targeted China for destruction.1 The strategic policy of the British Empire for more than 200 years has been to prevent the largest concentration of human beings on the planet from obtaining the means of becoming modern. For the Anglo-Dutch oligarchy, that meant preventing American-style revolutions in Asia. It is the reason why the ghost of Sun Yat-sen, who embodied the ideas of the American System, still haunts the residents of Windsor Palace and is an anathema to the lords of Thread Needle Street. Just as the British fascists organized the ascendancy of the military-imperialists into dominance in the Japanese government of the 1920s, with the perspective of carrying out joint military operations against the United States in the Pacific,2 there is a similar operation underway now to manipulate Japan into a confrontation, including the possibility of a land war, with China. Hence, we had witnessed during the Cheney-Bush Administration the renewed attempts, then under the guise of the “War on Terrorism,” by certain lunatics in London and their stooges in Washington to persuade Japan to The attempts to rearm and deploy Japanese military forces is a direct violation of the of the 1946 Constitution of Japan. The Preface of the Japanese Constitution begins: We, The Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in the National Diet, determined that we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land, and resolve that never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government, do proclaim that sovereign power resides with the people and do firmly establish this Constitution. Article 9 of Chapter II, titled “Renunciation of War,” articulates the intent of the Preface: Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. 2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized. 1 Lyndon LaRouche’s prophetic Strom Over Asia video presentation and subsequent writings, such as Ring Around China: Britain Wants War. 2 During the first quarter of the twentieth century, U.S. military strategists drafted detailed plans for potential war scenarios to be fought against the threats posed by the British Empire (War Plan Red) and the Empire of Japan (War Plan Orange). More on this will be presented later in the report. 2 nullify Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution [see box below] in order to rearm and deploy its Self-Defense Forces. The primary purpose of this paper is to aide in the prevention of such a possibility by shedding light on the potentially tragic flaw exhibited in the thinking of the current Japanese-elites, as well as others, perception of their nation’s historical development in modern times. If one wishes to prevent being manipulated, particularly in actions taken against one’s own interests, the curtain must be drawn back in order to expose the hands and faces of the puppet-masters. This is not always a pleasant or comfortable experience, because it often forces one to question one’s own identity. However, it is increasingly becoming an existential necessity for the nation of Japan to undertake this challenge. In order to adequately expose the puppet-masters, we must provide the true history of America’s relationship to Japan, and the failure of achieving the type of cultural and philosophical revolution which the great Fukuzawa Yukichi understood to be necessary. We begin this report by quoting the world’s foremost economist and strategic thinker, Lyndon LaRouche, regarding Japan’s vital interest: “If one measures population-density in terms of habitable portions of a nation’s land, and its primary resources, it should be clear that Japan can survive only by concentrating on the frontiers of scientific and related progress in productive technologies, and on a growing role as a ‘knowledge-industry’ exporter: a supplier of highest technology machine-tools and related goods to a vast and expanding markets for such goods, especially to the actual, and potential future such markets throughout Asia. “Without such a role in (especially) the Pacific-Indian Oceans rim of Asia, Japan would be inclined to seek its economic and biological survival as a nation, however short-lived, now, as during the 1930s, in establishing controlled spheres of influence carved out of existing nations of the Pacific Rim. The role of European economic conditionalities in impelling Japan into the first Sino- Japanese war and initial occupation of Korea, in 1894-1895, and the economic circumstances of 1927-1931, in promoting Japan into the second Sino-Japanese war, are applicable illustrations of the point.”3 Evidence of the fact that British manipulation has been adopted as an accepted premise of Japanese “self-determination” is the continued belief, particularly among ruling circles of Japan, that the Russo-Japanese War was a great victory for Japan which marked its entry onto the stage of global powers. For example, Vice Admiral Koda Yoji, the Director General of the Joint Staff Office of the Japanese Defense Agency, wrote in 2005 that, “Japan’s success in the Russo-Japanese War (in implicit contrast to its failure in World War II thirty-five years later) shows that its leaders at the turn of the twentieth century did a much better job than their successors with respect to management of public opinion, goals, alliances, risk assessment, intelligence, sabotage, interservice cooperation, and negotiated war termination.”4 3 Ring around China: Britain wants War by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.; Executive Intelligence Review, November 14, 1996. [http://www.larouchepub.com/lar/1996/ring_around_china.html] 4 The Russo-Japanese War, Primary Causes of Japanese Success by Vice Admiral Koda Yoji, Naval War College Review, Spring 2005, Vol. 58, No. 2. 3 Such statements are tolerated only by those who have no fundamental understanding of the history behind the creation of the modern nation of Japan. Such a history is not a chronological ordering of “facts.” It is an ongoing, international battle concerning the idea of the ‘Nature of Man’ which informs and affects the institutions of the nation and its population. In fact, it has been the political battle over the ‘Nature of Man’ which created nations – in direct counter-position to the bestial concept of Mankind which is the dominate, cultural matrix found in all empires from Babylon and Rome to the present Anglo-Dutch oligarchy. The irony of the Meiji Restoration is that at its inception there was an Emperor but there was no empire, in any traditional meaning of that term. In 1868, Japan was a collection of islands united by a common language and culture – a nation whose leaders were committed to bringing it into the modern age. Japan’s subsequent transformation into a modern empire starts with the corrupting influence of the British Empire and Japan’s extraterritorial adventures, beginning with the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 95. It is also the British who later attempt to rewrite history by claiming that the Meiji Restoration was the root cause of Japan’s becoming a fascist-military power in the 20th century. These are the old tired lies of British Intelligence’s H.G. Wells whose justification for World Government resided in his Aristotelian syllogism that nations cause nationalism, nationalism causes war, and therefore nations must be eliminated. Of course, World Government is empire, and one of its fundamental axioms is permanent warfare, as explicitly expressed by today’s Neo-cons. That proposed World Empire would be run by those who propagate it – the Anglo-Dutch oligarchy. Presently, it is reflected in their attempts to illegally ram through the Lisbon Treaty and create a European Union dictatorship to aide in the encirclement and dismembering of Russia and China. Finally, and most importantly, those leading economists in Japan and elsewhere need to examine the now obvious fundamental, and potentially fatal, flaws in their education and thinking. They all failed, without exception, to understand and predict the current international economic collapse. It was only Lyndon LaRouche who was absolutely right. What does he know that you don’t? This report will begin to inform you on how Japan became a modern nation. It was not accomplished by the incompetent and failed theories of Adam Smith and other Free Trade doctrine blathering which passes today for so-called education and “expertise.” It was done primarily with the aid of Americans and the implementation of the American System of political economy, of which Lyndon LaRouche is currently the world’s leading exponent. 4 2. AMERICA IN THE PACIFIC The American Revolution was a unique event in human history. With the military defeat of the vile British Empire, for the first time since it had been articulated by the great, Greek philosopher Plato, a true republic had been established. The 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States of America embodied those universal concepts that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The Preamble of the U.S. Constitution set forth the principle of achieving those ideas stated in the Declaration of Independence: “We the people of the United States, . . . promote the general welfare” in order to “secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.” The means of attaining this through the development of the nation’s infrastructure, agriculture and industry became known as the American System of physical economy. Like the idea of “the pursuit of happiness,” the Foundering Fathers of the United States of America were indebted to the German philosopher and scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who also first developed the principles of “physical economy.” For the first time, a nation had been established that was to be ruled by the “consent of the governed.” There would be no arbitrary rule by a self-selected class of aristocrats, who had treated the rest of humanity as if they were their personal cattle. Your station in life would be determined by your abilities, not your blood-line. Now, the true ‘Nature of Man’ was at liberty to develop that potential which distinguished him from a mere beast – the creativity of the human mind. That, coupled with the American System of Economics,5 created the greatest achievements in agriculture, industry, general education, and health care known in history. The United States of American quickly became seen internationally as the “Beacon of Hope and Temple of Liberty” for all humanity. The leaders of the American Revolution, such as Benjamin Franklin, understood their war had been waged, not just for the rights of citizens living in the thirteen British colonies. The universal principles rooted in the founding of the United States were for all Humanity. They were to usher in an Age of Reason among similar nation-states that would eclipse the evil and infantile system of empires and oligarchs. Human freedom, unfettered by the shackles of oligarchism, had its corollary in enabling freedom over nature to be achieved through science and technology. Well before Americans had achieved the modernization of their own nation, they began exporting their ideas. The intent of the Americans was not to impose their rule 5 Henry Clay coined the term “American System” in 1832 to describe the successful economic policies implemented by the first U.S. Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton, in opposition to the British “free trade” looting schemes of Adam Smith et al. The American System was characterized by the establishment of (1) a sovereign national bank, that intervened into the markets to support parity prices for farmers and others, and issued long-term low-interest credit for productive enterprises, especially for (2) internal improvements, such as canals, roads, and later railroads, and (3) the using of protective tariffs to nurture nationally vital industries. Germany’s Friedrich List (1789-1846), Irish-born Matthew Carey (1760-1839) and his son Henry C. Carey (1793-1879) further elaborated the American System of political economy. American Presidents who were the most notable exponents of the American System include George Washington, John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, William McKinley, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. 5 on others but to afford them freedom from imperial domination and an opportunity to live in what John Quincy Adams called a “community of principle among nations.” There should be no misunderstanding that the intent of the Anglo-Dutch oligarchy was, and continues to be, global imperial domination. Their goal has always necessitated the destruction of its primary enemy – the United States of America. Sun Yat-sen is a paradigm of how the ideas of the American Revolution were assimilated by the best leadership of Asia. Educated by American missionaries in Hawaii, who would latter participate in his establishment of the Republic of China, Sun was a vibrant exponent of the American System of economics and government, exemplified by his Three Principles of the People which were modeled after Abraham Lincoln.6 When the Chinese Revolution succeeded in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was in the United States at the time and issued the following statement: “To work out the salvation of China is exclusively a duty of our own, but as the problem has recently involved a world-wide interest, we, in order to make sure of our success...must appeal to the people of the United States in particular for your sympathy and support, either moral or material, because you are the pioneers of Western Civilization in Japan; because you are a Christian nation; because we intend to model our new government after yours; above all because you are the champion of liberty and democracy. We hope we may find many Lafayettes among you.” It was a grouping of several generations of U.S. missionaries in the Pacific – the American “Lafayettes” – who were the crucial element that prevented the Pacific Ocean from being turned into a lake of the British Empire. Some of those American missionaries are remembered and honored to this day as heroes in their adopted Asian nations, yet are virtually unknown to most Americans today. Though many of today’s leading so-called “Christians,” typified by such right- wing, con-artists as Pat Robertson, have given Christianity a bad-name, those of the Christian faith who founded the U.S.A. were cut from a different cloth and believed that “you would be judged by your works.” In 1812, just as Britain began its next attempt to destroy the U.S. by force in the War of 1812 (referred to then as the “Second War of Independence”), the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was established. Its purpose was to modernize and incorporate the Native Americans nations into the republic (a continuation of the policy of President George Washington), as well as backing some selective off-continent missions that were seen at critical in stopping the domination of the British Empire. The ABCFM established an ecumenical alliance between the Congregational, Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed churches in the U.S. Its board of directors included many of those men who participated in creating the American Republic, such as: 6 Sun Yat-sen and the American Roots of China’s Republican Movement by Mark Calney; New Federalist, two part series published January 19 & 26, 1990. 6 Elias Boudinot; a member of the Continental Congress from 1777, and as its President in 1783, signed the Treaty of Paris; Congressman from New Jersey 1789-95; Director of the U.S. Mint; mentor and adopted “father” of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay; drafted the Constitution of the State of New York and was Chief Justice of New York 1776-79; member and President of the Continental Congress in 1778; Minister to Spain 1779; member of the commission which negotiated the peace treaty with Great Britain; in charge of foreign affairs for American government 1784-90; co- author with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison of the Federalist Papers which were critical in the formation and adoption of the U.S. Constitution; appointed first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; elected Governor of New York 1795-1800, and signed into law the act abolishing slavery in New York State. John Quincy Adams; one of the most important intellectual leaders of the American Republic; son of the Revolutionary War leader and second President, John Adams; Secretary of State for President Monroe and author of the Monroe Doctrine; elected President in the critical election of 1824; later elected to Congress and was a life-long promoter of science and the American System of economics. Theodore Frelinghuysen; son of a Revolutionary War leader, he was chancellor of New York University and later head of Rutgers College in New Jersey; President of the American Bible Society (1846-1862), whose leadership also included James Fenimore Cooper, America’s top intelligence operative and author (the American Bible Society contributed $40,500 for the Hawaiian Mission of the ABCFM); President of the American Bible Tract Society (1842-1862) which contributed to the Hawaiian Mission; and in 1844, he was the Vice Presidential running-mate of Henry Clay for the Whig Party. Rev. Jedidiah Morse; wrote the first geography book concerning North America; a Hamiltonian Federalist and father of Samuel F.B. Morse, a renown painter and intelligence spy who invented the telegraph and ‘Morse code.’ The idea of sending American missionaries abroad was not new. In 1721, prior to the Revolution, one of the nation’s intellectual founders, Cotton Mather, gave a sermon to a short-lived missionary society where he called for the establishment of a missionary expedition to be sent to India. Benjamin Franklin would later write that it was Mather’s essay To Do the Good (Bonifacius) that had a profound affect on his life. Founding principles of the new American Republic, respecting its relationship with other nations and peoples, are reflected in that essay: “The world has according to the computation of some, above seven hundred millions of people now living in it. What an ample field among all these, to do good upon! . . . whether the things be of a spiritual importance or of a temporal.” 7 Hawaii: America’s Springboard to Asia On Saturday, October 24, 1819, the first Hawaiian missionaries of the ABCFM set sail from Boston harbor. The contingent of missionaries consisted of the following seventeen people; two ministers, a medical doctor, a printer, a farmer, a mechanic, a school master, wives and children (the women also served as catechists), and three Hawaiian youths educated at the ABCFM school in Cornwall, Connecticut. The Instructions given to the missionaries by Samuel Worcester on behalf of the Prudential Committee of the ABCFM stated that they were being sent, "for no private end, for no earthly object...wholly for the good of others, and for the glory of God our Savior...Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature." They were to Christianize Hawaii, and act as a civilizing agency. The Instructions read: “Your views are not limited to a low or a narrow scale; but you are to open your hearts wide, and set your mark high. You are to aim at nothing short of covering those Islands with fruitful fields, and pleasant dwellings, and schools and churches; of raising up the whole people to an elevated state of Christian Civilization; of bringing, or preparing the means of bringing, thousands and millions of the present and succeeding generations to the mansions of eternal blessedness. Why should less be done, or designed...” The next day their ship, the Thaddeus, sailed for Hawaii around the southern tip of South America. After 18,000 miles and 163 days they arrived at the Hawaiian Islands, in the year of the 200th anniversary of the Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620. The foresight of the ABCFM in sending this mission to Hawaii at that time is quite astounding. As the British colonialist looting policy extended ever further into the East, the response by American republicans was to send out to those parts of the world the means to preempt the policies of slavery, through education and economic development, under the guidance of God's law. It was part of a deliberate strategy to facilitate the emigration and development of the western North American continent, and to undercut the designs of the imperial powers of Europe on that region and Asia generally. Hawaii, because of its strategic location in the middle of the Pacific Ocean for the re-supply of trade and whaling ships, was already becoming the battle ground of contending European imperial forces, notably Russia, Great Britain, and France, all of whom attempted domination through military means. Two events occurred in the Hawaiian Islands in 1819 which created the precondition for the success of the U.S. mission; the death of King Kamehameha who died in May, and the abolition of the kapu system. Kamehameha was the chief who had finally united all of the Hawaiian Islands under his rule, between 1796 and 1810. American Captains Nathan and Jonathan Winship (who later helped the Mission) made the final arrangements to consolidate Kamehameha’s control of the islands. But the British had announced their intention to make Hawaii a colony. Royal Navy Captain George Vancouver had thought that Kamehameha had agreed to turn Hawaii over as a British protectorate. But Kamehameha had thought the British were offering to protect them from other hostile 8 foreigners. Here also lies the story of the origins of Hawaiian flag, commissioned by King Kamehameha in 1816. Under his mistaken conception of British intensions, the King had proposed that his nation’s flag be composed of the same elements of the flags of the two nations whom he believed were his allies – the United States and Great Britain. Hence, the Hawaiian flag contains the British Union Jack as well as the red and white stripes of the American flag. Two weeks after the Thaddeus sailed from Boston harbor, Queen Kaahumanu overthrew the evil kapu system. Unlike the popularized myths of the “benevolent pagans” promoted by James Michner's book and its subsequent movie, Hawaii, which continued the tradition of the British racist "noble savage" view of Mankind (including their hatred of science), the Hawaiian natives had lived a brutal and often barbaric existence. Human sacrifice had been practiced, and infanticide was common. The Hawaiian kapu typified the brutality of that society. It was a system of ancient laws, or taboos, presided over by a pantheon of 40,000 Hawaiian gods. The violation of a kapu meant instant death for the violator. Kapu included such taboos as women eating in the presence of men or a commoner allowing his shadow to cross the shadow of a chief. Kaahumanu sent messengers throughout the islands to proclaim the end of kapu. Though some chiefs and priests resisted, their rebellions were crushed. The Hawaiian people rejoiced over the overthrow of kapu. The temple walls, erected for pagan gods, were torn down. The wooden images of those false deities were burned or thrown into the sea. The Hawaiians had prepared themselves for a New World, by destroying the hallmarks of the pagan past. When the U.S. missionaries arrived in Honolulu, the British representatives on the island denounced them to the Hawaiians as being a political operation run by the United States. In a real sense that is true, because Hiram Bingham and his associates saw absolutely no distinction between preaching the Word of God and carrying out the Word of God. That meant building the City of God, or as John Winthrop called it, the City on a Hill. It also meant education, construction, modern agriculture, and uplifting the people through the use of science and technology. To the British and their like- minded, European imperialists, that was very political, because their system of looting and slavery could not co-exist with the Yankee civilizing process. As a result, the British attempted to kill Hiram Bingham on more than one occasion. Captain Edward Belcher of the British frigate HMS Sulphur threatened publicly to hang Bingham. The British concern over the “influence of the U.S. missionaries” became manifest when the Hawaiians began adopting the forms of American government. This began with issuing of a Bill of Rights in 1839, followed by evolving drafts of the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The first Bill of Rights read: “God hath made of one blood all nations of men, to dwell on the face of the earth in unity and blessedness. God has also bestowed certain rights alike on all men, and all chiefs, and all people of all lands. These are some of the rights which he has given alike to every man, and every chief -- life, limb, liberty, the labor of his hands, and products of his mind.” The influence of Bingham and company on the Hawaiian Royal Family was a result of their ability to convert the Royal Family to Christianity. Not long after their 9 arrival, Thomas Hopu successfully converted the Queen's mother, Keopuolani. Then when Kaahumanu was nursed back to health from a serious illness by Sybil Bingham, the Queen was convinced that Sybil's prayers to God had saved her life, and she accepted the Christian faith. This event opened the gates to all the souls of the Hawaiian Kingdom for the service of the Mission. The missionaries faced a classic problem in educating the Hawaiians, religiously or otherwise: how to teach someone to read and write in another language when that person can't read or write in their native language. Since no written Hawaiian language existed, Bingham and company had to invent it. After two years of much effort, and little success, events changed rapidly with the arrival of a most welcome guest, Rev. William Ellis. Ellis came in response to Bingham's written request of 1820 to Rev. Robert Morrison, the first protestant missionary in China, to assist the Hawaiian Mission in translating the local language. Morrison, the son of a Scottish farmer and a member of the London Missionary Society, had first arrived in Canton, via America, in 1807 under the auspices of the U.S. government. He was referred to in China as “the American missionary.” He succeeded in translating the Bible into Cantonese and publishing the first Chinese-English dictionary. The ABCFM had appointed him to be an Official Correspondent of the Board. Rev. Ellis arrived in Honolulu in 1822. Formerly a printer, he had just spent six years in the Society Islands working for the London Missionary Society. He had mastered the Tahitian language, which is very similar to the Polynesian dialect spoken in the Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Ellis became the first foreigner to preach to the Hawaiians in their own language, and was soon able to develop the written Hawaiian language (all vowels had the same pronunciation as in the Italian, and the verbs were quite primitive). American Missionary Elisha Loomis now hastened to uncrate his printing press and set up shop. The first product off the press was the written Hawaiian language accompanied by the first Hawaiian language lessons. This printing press was the only printing facility in the entire Pacific Rim area (East or West). It evolved into two printing houses (one on another island), four presses, and a bindery. From January 1822 through June 1845, the mission presses printed 149,911,383 pages of material, including 20,000 Bibles, 30,000 New Testaments, and more than 70 other works prepared, written, translated or compiled by the missionaries. Those works included 100,000 copies of Hawaiian language lessons for the natives, Geometry for Children, Algebra, Anatomy, a tract on Astronomy, a 168 page book on Mathematics, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration, Surveying, and Navigation, Compendium on Ancient History, numerous school books for children, and musical scores of hymns. Sometimes the mission would subsidize its operation by contracting outside printing jobs, such as school books for settlers on the West coast of America. In 1839, two missionaries and a small printing press were sent to the Oregon Mission to help Dr. Marcus Whitman of the ABCFM.7 7 Whitman had established the Oregon Trail to bring settlers to the Northwest region. Among other things, he introduced cultivation of the potato to the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho, and his wife, Narciss, taught music to the Indians. In 1847, the British Empire’s Hudson Bay Company orchestrated the Indian massacre of the Whitman’s and twelve others at their mission. The year following the massacre and its 10