Plain forms are used in a number of sentence patterns. affirmative #< pprreesseenntt.. negative VVVVEEEERRRRBBBB affirmative ppaasstt negative affirmative pprreesseenntt negative ----//// AAAADDDDJJJJEEEECCCCIIII IIIIVVVVÜÜÜÜ affirmative A-^^^-ofz ppaasstt negative ±^ < ^X^^-^fz affirmative pprreesseenntt negative ----NNNNAAAA AAAADDDD........IIII EEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE affirmative imti-^fz ppaasstt negative '<^ IJ affirmative :^tz pprreesseenntt negative NNNNOOOOUUUUNNNN HHHH---- tttt """"tttt affirmative ppaasstt negative Present-affirmative -na adjectives and nouns + Tt follow four connective patterns when directly preceding conjunctive and sentence-final expressions. i;;;:!:ii.^::-:'i(-iv': ^ 9 T 't O (hearsay) BBBBAAAASSSSKKKK:::: IIII''''AAAAiiiiTTTTEEEERRRRIIIIMMMM .•/}^h (reason) . K (conditional) / ^ T to (DT •••mmmnnn --^^XX ((00 TT PPAATTTTEERRNN ••••-- noun ^ $ NNNNNOOOOOUUUUUNNNNN-----MMMMMOOOOODDDDDIIIIIIIIII-----YYYYYIIIIINNNNNtttttiiiii mmmmmnnnnn J: 9 PPPPPAAAAATTTTTTTTTTEEEEERRRRRNNNNN u-f fzió (IC) T L ^ 9 o mmmmmmmm^^^^^^^^}}}}}}}} XXXXXXXX'''''''' LLLLLLLL XXXXXXXX 11111111 PPPPPPPPAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRNNNNNNNN JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPLE M J A P A N E SE FOR R e v i s ed 3 rd E d i t i on BUSY P E O PL Association for Japanese-Language Teaching AlALT KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokyo o New York « London The Association for Japanese-Language Teaching (AJALT) was recognized as a nonprofit organization by the Ministry of Education in 1977. It was established to meet the practical needs of people who are not necessarily specialists on Japan but wish to communicate effectively in Japanese. In 1992 AJALT was awarded the Japan Foundation Special Prize. AJALT maintains a website at www.ajalt.org, through which they can be contacted with questions regarding this book or any of their other publications. Illustrations by Shinsaku Suml. CD narration by Yuki MinatsukI, Takako Suzuki, Yuri Haruta, Kojl Yoshida, Tatsuo Endo, Sosei Shinbori, and Howard Colefield. CD recording and editing by the English Language Education Council, Inc. PHOTO CREDITS: © Sachiyo Yasuda, 2, 47, 231, 244. Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyp 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 2007 by the Association for Japanese-Language Teaching. All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. ISBN 978-4-7700-3011-5 First published 1990 Second edition 1995 Third edition 2007 15 14 13 12 1110 09 08 07 10987 6543 2 1 www.kodansha-intl.com C O N T E N TS PREFACE XII INTRODUCTION xiii HUMANS & PETS HUMANS & NATURE CRIME & EDUCATION BUSINESS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW APPENDIX 275 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND QUIZZES 276 JAPANESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 286 ENGLISH-JAPANESE GLOSSARY 295 INDEX 303 GRAMMAR I. Expressing Suppositions & Wondering Aloud ^ TL J; 7. f : 6i A LOST PET 2 II. Expressing Impressions (1) 10 III. Conveying Information Gained Elsewhere 12 ^ ^9 IV. Describing Actions Done or to Be Done in Preparation 14 for the Future ^ ~Tfe < I. Expressing Certainty 31 DISAPPEARING COOKIES 26 II. Expressing Beliefs or Expectations Based 32 on Information Gained Elsewhere III. Expressing Impressions (2) 33 IV. Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to Expectation (1) 35 Expressing Causes of or Reasons for Situations 49 or Outcomes ^ tz^ (IC) THE PET INDUSTRY 46 . Describing Change (1): Changes Coming into Effect 50 ^ Xl \'m> I. Describing Change (2): Continuous Changes 51 |=> ~ To < QUIZ 1 (Lessons 1-3) 60 GRAMMAR I. Nominalizing Sentences 69 A VISIT TO MR. NAKANO'S FARM, II. Indicating Means or Attendant Circumstances 70 PART 1 64 ^ ~ T / ~ T\ - ^ X ^ T / ^ - f lC III. Describing Deliberate Effects 71 ^ -T^.'S IV. Expressing Purpose (1) 72 ^ Xl\Z