Japan on the Silk Road Brill’s Japanese Studies Library Edited by Joshua Mostow (Managing Editor) Caroline Rose Kate Wildman Nakai Volume 60 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bjsl Japan on the Silk Road Encounters and Perspectives of Politics and Culture in Eurasia Edited by Selçuk Esenbel LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: “A Plan Proposal for the Trans-Eurasian Railroad” by Ōtani Kōzui in Kōa Keikaku (A Plan for the Rise of Asia), Vol. 4/10, (Tokyo: Yūkōsha, 1939). Reproduced by Erdal Küçükyalçın from a copy at Ōtani Kinenkan (Beppu, Japan). The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2017032462 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0925-6512 isbn 978-90-04-27430-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27431-0 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Illustrations viii List of Contributors (By Order of Chapter) x Introduction 1 Selçuk Esenbel 1 Japan and the Great Game 35 Ian Nish 2 Western and Central Asia in the Eyes of the Japanese Radical Right 48 Christopher W.A. Szpilman 3 Fukushima Yasumasa’s Travels in Central Asia and Siberia: Silk Road Romanticism, Military Reconnaissance, or Modern Exploration? 69 Sven Saaler 4 Fukushima Yasumasa and Utsunomiya Tarō on the Edge of the Silk Road: Pan-Asian Visions and the Network of Military Intelligence from the Ottoman and Qajar Realms into Central Asia 87 Selçuk Esenbel 5 Mongolia as a Base for Central Asia and the Silk Road 118 Li Narangoa 6 Abdurreshid Ibrahim and Japanese Approaches to Central Asia 145 Komatsu Hisao 7 Exploring Asia, Reforming Japan: Ōtani Kōzui and Itō Chūta 155 Brij Tankha 8 Ōtani Kozui and His Vision of Asia: From Villa Nirakusō to “The Rise of Asia” Project 181 Erdal Küçükyalçın 9 The Effects of the Russo-Japanese War on Turkic Nations: Japan and Japanese in Folk Songs, Elegies, and Poems 199 A. Merthan Dündar vi Contents 10 Some Notes on the Japanese Records and Information on the “Turks” 228 Katayama Akio 11 Tracing Origins Along the Silk Road: Japanese Architect Itō Chūta’s Travel in the Ottoman Lands 245 Miyuki Aoki Girardelli 12 The Beginning of Turkish Philology and Linguistics in Japan 259 Klaus Röhrborn 13 Appendix to the “The Beginning of Turkish Philology and Linguistics in Japan” 289 Mehmet Ölmez 14 F. Beato Beyond Empires: Flaneur, Photo Reporter, Merchant 306 Banu Kaygusuz 15 Translation Practices on the Silk Road and Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s “Toshishun” 323 Oğuz Baykara 16 Transforming an Ancient Myth into a Popular Medieval Tale 339 Satō Masako Index 365 Acknowledgments Credit is due to the institutions that made this work possible. The Japanese Studies Association in Turkey (Japonya Araştırmaları Derneği) made this proj- ect possible by initiating the June 2012 Istanbul meeting in collaboration with the Asian Studies Center and the Department of History at Bogazici University as well as the kind support of the Consulate General of Japan in Istanbul. We would like express special gratitude to Japan Foundation whose finan- cial support was crucial for realizing the initial meeting in Istanbul that began the academic collaboration of the authors in this work. We would also like to thank Paul Norbury who attended the 2012 Meeting in Istanbul and was very encouraging. Paul recommended that it be published as a volume. During 2014 and 2015, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Georg Forster Research Award enabled me to stay in Bremen, Germany as a visiting Humboldt scholar at Jacobs University that made this book possible by provid- ing the fruitful environment for the preparation. We would also like to thank the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) which provided the support for the translation and editing expenses. Japanese names are mostly given with last name first in line with Japanese prac- tice unless preferred otherwise by the author. Turkish letter c is pronounced as j, ç is pronounced as ch, ş as sh in English, ğ as a soft g that is not pronounced, ö and ü as in German ö and ü. The Turkish letter ı which is an i without a dot is similar to the exclamation sound “uh” in English. Japanese words are written according to Hepburn romanization unless originally published in a different style. List of Illustrations Figures 3.1 Lieutenant Colonel Fukushima Yasumasa (ca. 1895) 71 3.2 Map of Fukushima’s trip on horseback through Siberia, 1892/93 74 3.3 Map of Fukushima’s travels in the Middle East and India in 1895/96 79 3.4 Fukushima Yasumasa depicted on a woodblock print fighting in the Sino-Japanese War 80 3.5 Fukushima Yasumasa depicted as a good father and student of the family tutor in the 1904 school morals textbook Kōtō Shōgakkō gaishūshi- sho. Dai-3-hen, maki-ichi 82 4.1 General Utsunomiya Tarō 101 4.2 Map of Baghdad Railway. Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan 外交史料館、Meiji 43 (1910) 1 month 15 day, (Concerning Japan-Turkey Treaty relations) 107 6.1 Ibrahim’s autograph of the hadith. Nihon oyobi Nihonjin, No. 509, May 1909, p. 64 148 6.2 Ibrahim’s autograph of his signature and the title of Wakabayashi Han’s book, Âlem-i İslâmda Japonya in Ottoman Turkish on the cover and the title page 151 10.1 Entry showing the existence of a book in Turkish, ca. 891 229 10.2 Land of the Turks shown as Toruko (丁呵児). Nansenbushū Bankoku Shōka no Zu (Map of All the Countries of the Terrestial World) 233 10.3 Nakanome’s book in which he claimed to discover Turkic Runic Characters at Temiya Cave, Otaru 240 10.4 “Japan-Turkey Trade Association is born”—Nakanome Akira and Ōtani Kōzui at the opening ceremony 242 11.1 Columns with entasis, Hōryū-ji Temple 246 11.2 Comparison of proportions between Etruscan temple and Hōryū-ji, Itō Chūta, “The Treaties on Hōryū-ji Architecture” 247 11.3 “The Tree of Architecture,” from Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture, on the Comparative Method, for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur 248 11.4 The route map of Itō Chūta’s world trip, from Miyuki Aoki Girardelli, Meiji Architect Itō Chūta’s Travel Throughout the Ottoman Empire (Tōkyō: Wedge, Inc., 2015) (in Japanese) 249 List Of Illustrations ix 11.5 Traveling permit obtained by Chūta from the Ottoman Authority. Itō Chūta, Itō Chūta Writings on Architecture, vol. 5, Tokyo, 1937 (in Japanese) 251 11.6 Mecidi Medal given to Itō Chūta, Yonezawa City Uesugi Museum 252 11.7 Itō Chūta’s route map throughout the Ottoman Empire, drawn by himself 253 11.8 The Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo 254 11.9 The Church of Virgin Mary, Cairo 255 11.10 Diagram of Itō Chūta’s “Architectural Evolutionism” drawn by himself 257 Tables 14.1 The price list of Beato photographs 316 16.1 Sequential Summary and Translation of the Book of the Heavenly Young Prince 340 16.2 Kojiki Narrative of the Heavenly Young Prince 348 16.3 World Structure—Symbol—Symmetry 352 List of Contributors (By Order of Chapter) Ian Nish is Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science. An esteemed leading scholar of his field, he has served as secretary and president of the British Association for Japanese Studies (BAJS) and president of the European Association for Japan Studies (EAJS). Nish has also held various honorary positions: he was an honorary senior research associate of the Suntory Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD); the honorary Chief British Coordinator of the Anglo-Japanese History Project; and an honorary member of the Japan Academy. Nish has received various awards and honors, including the Order of the Rising Sun, and the Commander of the British Empire. Selected pub- lications include Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, London: Longman, 1985; Japan’s Struggle with Internationalism, London: KPI, 1993; The Japanese in War and Peace, Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2011; and History of Manchuria, A Sino- Russian-Japanese Triangle, Folkestone: Renaissance Books, 2016. Christopher W.A. Szpilman is Professor of Modern Japanese History in the Department of Japanese Culture at Teikyo University, Tokyo. His recent works include Kindai Nihon no kakushinron to Ajiashugi (Reformist Thought and Pan-Asianism in Modern Japan, Ashi Shobō, 2015) and “Kanokogi Kazunobu: Pioneer of Platonic Fascism and Imperial Pan-Asianism,” Monumenta Nipponica, 68:2 (2013). He is also edi- tor of Honma Kyūsuke’s Chōsen zakki (Korean Miscellany, Tokyo: Shōdensha, 2016) and co-editor of Pan-Asianism: a Documentary History (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011) and Mitsukawa Kametarō shokanshū: Kita Ikki, Ōkawa Shūmei, Nishida Mitsugi-ra no shokan (Collected Correspondence of Mitsukawa Kametarō: Letters from Kita Ikki, Ōkawa Shūmei, Nishida Mitsugi and Others, Ronsōsha, 2012). Sven Saaler is Professor of Japanese History in the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Sophia University, Tokyo. He has written a monograph on history debates in Japan (Politics, Memory and Public Opinion, München: Ludicium, 2005). Together with J. Victor Koschmann, he has edited Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History (Routledge, 2007); with Wolfgang Schwentker The Power of Memory in Modern Japan, Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2008; and with Christopher W.A. Szpilman Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. He also is co-author of Impressions of an Imperial Envoy. Karl von Eisendecher