JAPAN AND CHINA JAPAN and CHINA: from War to Peace, 1894-1972 Marius B. Jansen Princeton University Rand MÇNally College Publishing Company / Chicago Rand McNally History Series Fred Harvey Harrington, Advisory Editor Cover: Five-clawed imperial dragon, symbol of the Emperor of China, the Son of Heaven. Cour­ tesy of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. The maps on pages 8, 409, and 421 are from The Rise of Modern China by Immanuel C. Y. Hsu. Copyright © 1970 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Current printing (last digit) 15 14 13 12 11 1098 76 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 1975 by Rand MÇNally College Publishing Company All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-19516 for Marya Contents INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 : The Problem CHAPTER 2 : Imperial China 1. China and Modernization, 10 / 2. The Road to Shimonoseki, 17 ! 3. After Shimonoseki, 25 / 4. The Hundred Days, 29 / 5. The Boxers, 41 / 6. Conclusion, 4.5 CHAPTER 3 : ImperialJapan 1. Tokugawa Japan and Modernization, 48 / 2. Opening and Overthrow, 54 / 3. Meiji Mod­ ernization, 59 J 4. The Road to Shimonoseki, 66 / 5. Japan After the Triple Intervention, 72 / 6. The War with Russia, 77 / 7. State and Society in Imperialjapan, 85 CHAPTER 4 : Japan and Change in Korea 1. Korea in the Nineteenth Century, 104 / 2. The Opening of Korea, 108 / 3. Korea After Shimono­ seki, 114 / 4. The Closing of Korea, 726 viii Japan and China: From War to Peace CHAPTER 5 : Japan and Change in China 1. The Hundred Days, 131 / 2. Manchu Reforms, 138 / 3. The Student Movement to Japan, 149 / 4. The Revolutionaries, 159 CHAPTER 6 : Changing of the Guard 1. The End of Imperial China, 179 / 2. The End of Meiji Japan, 187 / 3. The Collapse of the European Order, 194 / 4. Japanese Foreign Policy, 199 / 5. The Twenty-one Demands, 209 CHAPTER 1 : The New Generation 1. Areas of Change, 225 / 2. Intellectual Trends in Taishö Tokyo, 231 / 3. The Korean Independence Movement, 241 / 4. The Cultural Revolution in China, 247 / 5. The Appearance of Communist Parties, 258 CHAPTER 8 : China Under the Republic 1. The Countryside, 268 / 2. The Warlords, 273 / 3. The Reorganization of the Kuomintang, 283 / 4. The San Min Chu I, 290 / 5. The Northern Expedition, 295 / 6. The Nationalist Decade, 307 CHAPTER 9 : Problems of Modernization in Japan 1. Bureaucrats and Politicians, 318 / 2. Workers and Farmers, 327 / 3. Books and Bullets, 335 / 4. The Army, 343 Contents ix chapter 10 : The Road to the P ad fie War 354 1. The Washington Conference Order, 356 / 2. The Russian Return, 367 / 3. Japan and Chinese National­ ism, 364 / 4. Manchurian Beginnings, 372 / 5. The China Quagmire, 395 / 6. Decision for Disaster, 397 CHAPTER 11 : China in War and Revolution 410 1. Some Comparisons, 411 / 2. The Survival of the Chinese Communists, 417 / 3. China at War, 425 / 4. The Communist Victory, 434 CHAPTER 12 : The Postwar Era 441 1. Japan in Isolation, 448 / 2. Divided Korea, 4^2 / 3. China Under the People’s Republic, 470 / 4. The Japanese Recovery, 490 / 5. The End of the Postwar Era, 499 SOURCES 511 INDEX 537 L ist o f Maps The Ch’ing Empire in 1775 and 1911 8 Japan’s Territorial Expansion, 1871-1905 102 Control of Various Warlords in China, 1924 272 Japanese Occupied Areas of China, 1937-1945 409 The Long March, 1934-1935 421 Administrative Divisions, People’s Republic of China 500-501 x