Public Policymaking An Introduction SEVENTH EDITION JAMES E. ANDERSON Texas A&M University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Public Policymaking: An Introduction, © 2011, 2006, 2003 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Seventh Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the James E. Anderson copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or Senior Publisher: Suzanne Jeans used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or Executive Editor: Carolyn Merrill mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Acquisitions Editor: Edwin Hill recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval Development Editor: Thomas Finn systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the Assistant Editor: Kate MacLean 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written Editorial Assistant: Matthew DiGangi permission of the publisher. Media Editor: Caitlin Holroyd Senior Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker For product information and Marketing Coordinator: Josh Hendrick technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Communications Manager: For permission to use material from this text or product, Heather Baxley submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Associate Content Project Manager: Sara Further permissions questions can be emailed to Abbott [email protected]. Art Director: Linda Helcher Print Buyer: Paula Vang Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2009932921 ISBN-13: 978-0-618-97472-6 Senior Rights Acquisition Account Manager, ISBN-10: 0-618-97472-5 Text: Katie Huha Production Service: Elm Street Publishing Services Wadsworth Cover Designer: Paul Ne� 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 Cover Image: © Photomorphic USA Compositor: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with o�ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local o�ce at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 Contents Preface vii CHAPTER 1 The Study of Public Policy 1 The Plan of This Book 2 What Is Public Policy? 6 Categories of Public Policies 9 Approaches to Policy Study 18 Methodological Di�culties in Studying Public Policy 29 For Further Exploration 31 Test Your Knowledge 32 Suggested Readings 32 Notes 33 CHAPTER 2 The Policy-Makers and Their Environment 36 The Policy Environment 40 The O�cial Policy-Makers 48 Nongovernmental Participants 59 Levels of Politics 69 CASE STUDY The Endangered Snail Darter 75 For Further Exploration 77 Test Your Knowledge 77 Suggested Readings 77 Notes 78 CHAPTER 3 Policy Formation: Problems, Agendas, and Formulation 83 Policy Problems 85 The Policy Agenda 90 The Agenda-Setting Process 93 Nondecisions 100 The Loss of Agenda Status 101 Two Cases in Agenda Setting 102 iv Contents CASE STUDY Coal-Mine Safety 102 CASE STUDY Environmental Pollution Control 105 The Formulation of Policy Proposals 107 Policy Formulation as a Technical Process 112 CASE STUDY Formulating Policy: The Family and Medical Leave Act 114 A Concluding Comment 119 For Further Exploration 119 Test Your Knowledge 120 Suggested Readings 120 Notes 121 CHAPTER 4 Policy Adoption 125 Theories of Decision-Making 126 Decision Criteria 131 The Public Interest 142 Styles of Decision-Making 144 Presidential Decision-Making 152 CASE STUDY Policy Adoption: Consumer Bankruptcy 156 CASE STUDY Policy Adoption: The Economic Stimulus Act 162 For Further Exploration 164 Test Your Knowledge 164 Suggested Readings 164 Notes 165 CHAPTER 5