OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY EDITOR: JULIA ANNAS SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME METHODS OF INTERPRETING PLATOA ND HISD IALOGUES EDITDE BY JAMES C.K LAGGE ANDN ICHOLAS D.S MITH CLARENDONP RESS OXFORD · OfxordU nivePrrsessiW,tya lSttorenOe fxtor,do x62o P OxfoNrtJDd Y orTko ronto DelhBio bmayCa lcutMtaad rasK arachi PetanlgiJaSyian gaHponogKr oen Tgo kyo NairoDabrie Salasa m CapeT own MelboAuurnec kland andas soccioamtepad niine s BerlIibnada n Oxfoirasdt rade omOfax rfkUo nrdi versPriestys Publisihtenhd Ue n iSttaetde s byO xfUorndi vePrrseiNstyes wY, o rk © excwehpetor teh enDise stated OfxordU niversi1ty9 9Pr2 ess AI rIi ghts rpesaeortrvfthe pisd.u bNloima cya bteri epornod uced, storaer de trievailsyn s toetrm,r ansimanin tfyto eormd,byr a nmye ans, electrmoencihcap,nh icoatyl,oi cnreopg,c ordooirtn g,h enPwisiet,h out thperi operrm issoiOxffoo nr Udn ivePrersssi ty BritLisihb rCaaryt ailnoigguPun b licaDtaitao n Data available LibraoryCf o ngCreastasl oigPunib nlgii aDtaitao n Methooifdsn terpPrlaetatonih dnisd g ia leos/guedbyiJ teadm Ce.Ks la gge aNnidc hDo.Sla msi th. p.c m.O-xf(osrtuddie isan n cpiheoinslto phy) Includes index. dataav ailable ISB0N 1 8923951 3 TyepsbyeJ to usahA ssocLiaitmeiOstefx d,or d PrintieGndr eBaritta biyn BiddLietd,sGu ifldordfS Kin'sLg ynn ADVISORY BOARD ProsfesAo.r LAo.nU gn,i veofrsC ailtyif oarnBtiae rkeley PreosfsMoarr tNhuas submBa,r oUwnni versity PrfeossRo.r RS.o brKja.Ki i,n Cgo'sl leUgnei,v eofrL sointydo n PorfessGoirs Setrliak Hearvra,rU dni versity Contribuatnidbo onosfok rsr evisehwo ublesd e nttot hEed itor, ProfesJs.Ao nrn aDse,p otf.P hiolpohs7y0,8P h lioshoyHp all, CoulmbUinai veNreswiY toyr,k ,1 0027U,S A NY Contriabruaets okrtesodo bsetrhv'eeNo tefosrC ontributtoo rs OxforSdtu diienAs n ciPehnitl osporpihnyatt'te ,hde e n odf t his volume. CONTENTS EditPorro'ulseo g JAMESC .KL AGGE Arist'oCstlri eticisPmalst oo f 13 GAILF INE Palttoh Sece ptic 43 JULIAA NNAS SileanncIdemi tattiohPnelt aoinnDi ica logues 73 L.A.K OSMAN Paltaon d Etrhoeto ifcNrsar ativity 93 DAVIDM .H ALPERIN CharaacntMdee arn iinnPg lt aoH'isip pasMi nor 131 MARY WHITLOCKB LUNDELL AnlaysPilntagoAr 'gsu men:Pt alstaon Pdl taonism 137 S.M ARC COHEN ANDDA VIDK EYT PltaoA'rsgm uentasn tdh Dei aloFguomer 201 MICHAELF REDE AM aieuVtieiowcfF ive DLilaaotugee s 212 KENNETHS AYRE Edirt'Aosft erwortdoc:nS icPhlroasal naOdt hWeisrh ful Thinkers 245 NICHOLADS. S MITH NoteosnC ontributors IndeLxo cmo ru GenerIanlde x EDITOR'SP ROLOGUE JAMESC .K LAGGE 1I.n rtoduction THEfo lwlionpgpa ergsr eowuo tfa c onfeorne'n Mceet hooigdcloa l ApproatcohP eltsaoa nhdi Dsi auleoosgr'g anbiytz eheP dh isloophy DepartmenotfV irigaPio nlytieIccn hsntaintSdut taUetn ei veirns ity Marc1h89 8T.h ec oenrfenccoev eorneldsy o moeft hpeo ssible metdhoololgia cppaarcohteoPs l aatnotd,h foel wlionpgpa errse pre­ seonntl syo moeft hvei ewpporientsteesodn nt hoactc asNieovne.r ­ theltehpsepas e,ri nsc lhuedreed acd oivveesrre stte o opfis uccsah,s anciienntte ropnrosefP t ltaaotP,ilt aoa sal itreyfir guarPel,a tarog'us­ menatnscd ah racatnePdrl sa,tu os'ets h odefai loguforem T.h ough mucPhlt aonriecsr echahsa b eecnra rioeubdty a nalpyhtiilco sophers, thehya vbee erne latuinvceolnyc teorr enefldeo cnmt e thoogdioclal iss.uT ehsivso lusmhweos s omaen alpyhtoiislco phaenrdss o me classtsasitw c oiroknt ihtsa sk. 2.P hiloslwro ipthiisyntclgaae nstd h esiinrgi ficance Mospth iloyhs saob peheann cdo tnintuobe esw rititnee xnp oorsyi t pro:ts heaeu thsotraa tneadsr gufoers (whheoa rt shet obt ea)k es partictuurltaharsn ,pd o ssailbsrloey s potnocd esr toabeijtcni ons. Nonteh lee tshse,hr aevb ee enno tlaeebx ecptitootni hsssyt lnee,i ther begniinnngo ern dgiw nitPhlt ao-tohreua lcraa phoroifHs emrsa ­ cliPturmase,n idpeose'tm h,pe o eomfL ucruestt,hi Ceof enssoifo nSst AugustiDneesar,ct e'ssM edintsat,thi deoi laouges Beorfk ealneyd Humet,h e evdwa orriokfsKi erkegaNairzedst,ec 'hdsitr abiest,he ©JamCe.sK lag1g99e2 Inr eivsitnhgpi rso loIhg auvebe e nefipteerdh,ia npssu fficifreonmct olmym,e bnyt s BiClolb bG,a i!AnRinc keann,Nd i cSkm ith. 2 JameC.s K lagge plaaynsd noofSv aerltasrn Wedi, t tegsnte/m)iens'tsi gaWeto iftoenns .1 forgtehtwe id ev arioefsyt tlyte hsa t hauvsee db.e en Why htahvoews reti inagb opuhti olpohsiicsaslsu oemse etsi m jettisotnheeexd p ospirtoofosrreym? N od outbhtre e asdoienffrfrs o m authtooar u thBourwt.e m ayd istinbgutewiesethnh ocsaes es in whicthhne o nst-andsyatlrweda sd esniegds imptlopy r esent the philosompahtieicrniaa alnil n teroersa ttitnrgam catninvaeenr d, thocsaesi enwsh itchhsey t lwea isns omsee nistnee groaril n staeorp ­ abfrloem thmea tae.lPr aircitointoefarn so snt-aanrsddyt laesm erely av ehliec coorn taoifpn heirl osloc pohnitwceoanutl( dfa iurnl­y cornotvseiyra)il nlclLuudceir ueBster,k eeyla,n Hdu meP.ar ctointeirs ofan on-srtdsa tnyadls(ae p aarltleiym)b odpyhiinlgo csacolop nhtient woul(dp erhmaoprcseno troivlayel)ri snclHuedrea clitus, Kierke­ gaa,ar ndNdie tzesI.ct h nhoabtse eenay fos rt riatdipohniaollpo hsers tou ndsetrawnhdai tmt e afonrsa s ytlteob ei tnegtropa hli losophical matear.lWi et entdot i hnokfl e irtataustr hea t irnwe hailscmtyh lo ef wrnitgii asb solcuurtcelitl aocy o enntatn,pd h iolpohasyst ahtr ealm in whsitcyihlsi e r relteocv oanntte ,nr ta-tohirenwr h,i cshty le shoublead st ranspoarnr eeuntatrsp a ols s2iT bhlueKs.i,e rkegaard 1N ormaMna lcorlemp o'rWtist:t geonnscsteae itidhn aa s te riaonugdso opdh ilo­ sophiwcoarclko ubledw ritttehnaw to ulcdo nseinstti orjfeo lky(e wsi thboeuitn g facetiAonuost)ht.ei rmh ees aitdh aap th ilosotprheiamctiaiglsch eot n tnaoitnh biuntg questionsa n(swwie(trhWisote)utn'tgs tAeM ienm:o2 idnre ,d n. [1Ox9fo82r4-7d]8,,I) n. 193o3r1 9W3i4t tgenhsitmesweirlnof 't Ite h:i Ins ku mmuepdm ya ttittopu hdiel osophy wheIns aipdh:i losooupgrhheyta tlobl eyw ritotnelanysa p oetic cIotmm upsoatss,i tion. its eemtsom e,b ep ossitbogl aet hfreormt hihso wfa rm yt hinkbienlgot nogt sh e presfuetnutro,erp asFtoI.rw atsh erreebvye amlyisneaglss f o meownheoc annqouti te dow hahtew oulldit koeb ea blteod o('uC tluarneVd a l[uCeh icaangOdox for1d9,8 o], 2)4. Onee speccilaefolarlrmyo ft hceo nthraass tba eretni cbuylp ahtieldo smoopshty 's 2 renowcnoendt empworriaotryfefi rc tiIornMi,us r doCcohn.c erpnhiinlgo saonpdh y litersahtheua rssea ,i' dT:h etwsoe b rancohfte hso uhgahvtse u cdhi fferaeinmatsn d sucdhi ffersetny,tal neIdsf etehlao tns eh oukledet ph eamp afrrotme acoht hSerhe. ' goeosnt os a'yO:cf o urpshei losovpahraeyn rsdso maer meo r"el itetrhaaornty h"e rs, buIt a mt empttoes dat yh atth eirsae n i depahli lososptyhlwiehc iahclah as s pecial unambigpuloauisna nnedhs asr dnaebsosiu tta, na ustuenrsee lcfiasnhds itdyA l e. philosmoupshtter tryo e xpleaxianc wthlayht em eanasn da vorihde taonrdii dcl e decoraOftc ioounrt.sh neie se ndo etx clwuidaten odc casionalb uiwtnh teetnrh leu des; philosiosap sih wtee rr ient hfreo nlti inner elattohi iopsnr obIlt ehmi hnesk p eaks witach e rtcaoilcndl eraerc ognviozia(cb'elP'eh iloasnLodip theyr Daitaulroewg:iu teh IrMiusr docihnB'. M ,a ge(ee dM.e)on,If d e[aNse Ywo r1k9, 72856))T,.h icso ntrastive viehwa bse emno svti goraonurdse lcye onptploys beyMd a rtNhuas sba(uem.T gh.e FragiolfGi o(ovd nLeuscaskn: Ed t hiinGc rse Terka yga endPdh iplhoy[s Coambr1id9g8,e6 ,) ch1.) . EdirtP'sor oguel o 3 andN ietszchheva el aoiuntd seti hmeai nstreAanmgo l-Aomfie cnra phliosyo.p h Ins moep eopsm lien'drse,fl oenco tnPi loa'tdsi auleocsga lilnst o quseotint hvee rdyii sntcntb ieotweletine raatnupdrh ei losSoupchhy . reeflctoiffoenur sts h oep poirtutntyor ethtihneks e cNoon coenpet s. thisin itkns e ceryso,sr a euvseentfu ola ,s' kW hdyi Ade schwryiltues treadgsi?We'h yt,h esnh,o uwelw do ndwehryP ltaow rodtileao gu?e s Wheln iteraantpdu hriselo opahryse e eansa imianttg h sea me goal-sthhaepo ihfnu gm aindl esat-heyb emc aadnte oc ompweitteh onaeno thIenPr l.ta' otsi mtehc iosm eptiwtaiasol nr eaapadprye innt th(ee vtehne' nna)c iqeunatr breetlwp ehelinop shoayn pdo ter(yR'e p. 6o7s)O.n e rienwa hlimthc ihas n ciqeunatrr reemlap irness isisin n g thien ptreertaotfPi ltoaond' isa uleosAgn.a lpyhtiiolcpo hsehrasv e tendteovd i etwhd eil aougefo rma sl itmtolrteeh aa(n disbpleen)s a vehifocrlt eh ceo nvceeyo afPn ltao'ssus btanpthiivleo slo phica theioer(sT.ih st endye nhcaansa ncipeendrtie gew,h icIsh h all examiinnt ehn ee xstei cotnd,at ibnagct koP ltaoe'rsr satnutd ent, AristoStolmeoe.t r)hs ei-nclumdaincnyalg s sipcoiilsttisscc,ai le n­ tisatnssd,o mpeh ilosophveireswt-ehhddeaa i vlueoe gfo rma sa n essenitnigarlei dniP elna'ttsa o pprotaopc hhi losloi pshs3iu ceas. Accortdoti hniigns t eropnrr,ee taadtPiiltnaoga' tst ittouwdaear ds philosoipshsoiuuceota fla dialognuoee a sitishen ar r eading Arsitonpehsaat't ittouwdaear p dosl iitsiscouaueolt fa p laIywf.e 4 insoinls oto kfoirPn lgta ov'ise wwesm ,ay b em isswihnaigtms o st singifinctaa botuhtde i auleosg. Iwfe u ndresttahnmedo tiovtfeh shes i torSioccraasltht, ee p urpose ohf icso nvaetorinwssa nse v(esril mytp)oc n ovepyho islophitcrauslt. h Rathtehraw nrt ii(noglrc e turfoirtn hgge)e nepruabllh iefoc c,u soend ap raticpuelrashroo nl daip nagr tisceutbl eaorlsf i. e cfHalei mteod kno(wa lsmto) noTtowh hitane gx.t ceanwnte s upptohsPaetlt ao's motiavnecdso enrcanrst eh oostfe hh ei sitcoSarolct re?aPs ltaos eems tob em orwei lltiobn edg o gmtiact hatnhh esi torSioccraea-lstb ut thiaostn liyn dtiecbday t hfaec ttah tt hceah rac'tSceorras ti'en t he 3 Thefi rmsot desrtna teomfte hnveti etwh aPtl atdoi'asl foormg uiesi nseparable fromt hpeh iloscoopnhtisecenaetltm obs e b yF riedrSicchhl eiermSaehceih Isen rt.ro ­ ductiotnots h Deia logueso fPla ttroa,n Ws.. D obs(oNne Ywo r, k179)31,4 (.T hien tro­ ductiaolnoswn,ig t thr ansloaftti hodeni sa loigunetGsoe rmanw,e roeri ginally publibsehgiendni in1n 8og4 .) ' Fowrh atehveelirptm igohffte hre rIen ,o tteh aDti ogeLnaeesrt iruesp orts: 'Aristroetmlaer ktsh sett hyoalftte h d ei aloighsua elsf b-ewtawype oeenat nrpydr ose' (33.7 t,r aRn.s .HD i.c ks). JamesK lagge 4 C. midddlileao gueissm ordeo mgattihca wnh awte t ihnokfa st he hisctaoSlro icersa(.tO cfo urosuperi ctuorfte h heit sorSicocarla tes derivmeasi nfrloym P ltoa'dsi auleosgW.h)e thtehrec haracter 'Sroactiersse 'v eloafPt loarmtyoot 'isvi eossn o etf h cee ntirsasilun e s quseotin. 3.T heh istoerividncecacelo nncienPrgl ato Canw et akPelt aot ob ee pxoundhiinosgw np hilhoislcoa apnd poiltitchaelo irnit ehsde i auleoslg,a rgtehloyun gohet x csliuvely throtuhgcehh ara'cSrtoaeectrsT 'h?ir sa itswesospe araibslse(u res): DoePsl aetxop ohuinosdw na,so ppotsote hdhe i stoSroiccrsaa'lt, e vie?w( s2D)o ePsl aetxop ouhniodsw nv iewasso ,p potsoen do t expounvdiieanwtagsl l T?h efi rqsute shtailsoo nnb ge edni scussed, and tihgsee rneet rhaolun,go chto mplaegrteee,mc eonntc eirtin:ni ng the' eralyd'il aoguetsh ec hara'cStcoerra treesp'r esfiaernltys accurtahtheesi ltyo rSioccraalwt heesr,ie nta hs'e m idadnl'detl 'ea r' dilaogutehcseh ara'cSctorearte exsp'o utnhd(ese volvviienowgfs) PlaTthoes. e ocnqdu eshtaigsoe nn ercaotnetdr oovnelrryes lya tively receannthdla yns,o ptr oduwcideepdsr eaagdr ee(mienndtie iteas d , theomfteih cso elcilto.n ) Ins omcea speesr,h tahpiesm moryto aftl hiseto utlh,e rgeoo di s eivdenicnet,et ron adtlih aeul eotsgh emsetlowv aerusnsa, w afryo m infeirnragn ythaibnoPgul ta tvoi'efrsw osm tshteat eomfet nhtes chara'cStroeaecrts.I ' ns ucchsa eisst e ebmesst tow ihthojluded ­g mencto ncerPnlai'tnsog oviwenaw n,id n sdtt eota akPeal t'odsi ­a lougetsob er iasitnhgie s sfourea, n sdbu jteicnigt steor,ib ouuts inconvcecl oundsseiiroanti. Ono thiesrs huoewse,vp eerr,ht ahptesh eoorfty hF eo rmosrt he natoufrt ehi ed esatlat theed,ro een sos te etmob es ignnitifi nctaernal tesni(oenx cwehpactto ublead c coufonrbt yet dh e evooPfll uta'tosi on thinkianngd) q,tu hees atiroinws heest whees rh outaltkdeh evsiee ws expnoduebdyt hceh ara'coStcerrat tobe ePs al't' oosw -ndsepitthee factth Palta nteove enrd otrhseeimsnh iosw vno ciei,pn r oppriae rsona, int hdei oagules. Whaetiv edncieaf,n yit,sh etrohe e lrpe sotlhvee sqeuceiosontnd, evdienwchiec ihes x tetrnota hle ditaehlmosvgueeeslIs?nfa ctth eirse somseu cehx teervdnieanlwc hei,mc ahyfo rc oniveenncdei ivbdee d itnofo ukirn ds: