g Khoj n Ki A Series of Modern South Asian Studies 10 Jaipur 1778 narrates the interregnum concluded with the royal conse- a cration of Prataˉpsingh (1778–1803). Over the period of a month, the f o new king became vested with the power of symbols that legitimated g n his dynasty. To the extent that this was a process taking place in the ki a public space, it also confirmed the symbolic structure of the two royal M Monika Horstmann residences involved. The book examines the history of those symbols e h T and their human agents and the public ritual performed. It concludes . 8 in addressing the functional change inherent in a royal consecration 7 Jaipur 1778 7 that took place in Jaipur in the year 2011, at a time when Indian king- 1 r ship had ceased to be functional for about half a century. u p The Making of a King i a J n · n a m t s r o H z t i w o s s a r r a H Khoj Harrassowitz www.harrassowitz-verlag.de 10 Boehm-Tettelbach Jaipur_U.indd 1 20.12.12 11:59 Khoj – A Series of Modern South Asian Studies Edited by Monika Horstmann and Ali S. Asani Volume 10 2013 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden BBööhhmm--TTeetttteellbbaacchh JJaaiippuurr..iinndddd AAbbss1122 0055..1111..22001122 0099::3333::0099 Monika Horstmann Jaipur 1778 The Making of a King 2013 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden BBööhhmm--TTeetttteellbbaacchh JJaaiippuurr..iinndddd AAbbss1133 0055..1111..22001122 0099::3333::0099 Cover illustration: Yudhis.t.hira’s royal consecration. Jaipur, ca. 1820. Detail. Courtesy of Eva and Konrad Seitz, Bonn. Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografi e; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2013 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Memminger Mediencentrum AG Printed in Germany ISSN 0937-2105 ISBN 978-3-447-06832-1 e-ISBN PDF 978-3-447-19267-5 BBööhhmm--TTeetttteellbbaacchh JJaaiippuurr..iinndddd AAbbss1144 0055..1111..22001122 0099::3333::0099 Mahārājā Savāī Pratāpsingh Riding. Painter: Rāmjī Dās. © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. EA1992.115. Contents List of Maps, Plans, and Tables ............................................................................ vii Maps ............................................................................................................... vii Plans ................................................................................................................ vii Tables .............................................................................................................. vii Image Credits .................................................................................................. vii Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... viii Note on Transcription ........................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. ix Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1 Kingship and Public Royal Ritual ................................................................ 1 2 Sources and Method ..................................................................................... 2 3 Ritual of Royal Legitimation ....................................................................... 13 4 Ritual ............................................................................................................ 13 5 Kingship ....................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: The Kingdom of Jaipur: ..................................................................... 20 1.1 Jaipur up to 1778 ....................................................................................... 20 1.2 The Legacy of Mahārājā Mādhosingh ...................................................... 22 1.3 Kachvāhā symbols of royal legitimation before 1750............................... 46 Chapter 2: Funeral and Mourning......................................................................... 61 2.1 The funeral of Pṛthvīsingh ........................................................................ 61 2.2 The period from the third to the twelfth day from death ........................... 84 Chapter 3: Processions in Jaipur: ......................................................................... 93 3.1 The procession of Vaiśākha ś.4, VS 1834/Thursday, 30 April 1778 ........ 94 3.2 The procession of Vaiśākha ś. 5, VS 1834/Friday, 1 May 1778 ............... 96 3.3 The procession of Vaiśākha ś. 12, VS 1834/Friday, 8 May 1778 ............. 101 Chapter 4: The Royal Consecration: .................................................................... 104 4.1 Vaiśākha ś.13, VS 1834/Saturday, 9 May 1778 ........................................ 105 4.2 Vaiśākha ś. 14, VS 1834/Sunday, 10 May 1778 ....................................... 111 4.3 Jyeṣṭha b. 1, VS 1834/Tuesday, 12 May 1778 .......................................... 116 vi Contents 4.4 Jyeṣṭha b. 2, VS 1834/Wednesday, 13 May 1778 ..................................... 121 Chapter 5: Jaipur, April 2011: ............................................................................. 139 5.1 The procedure manual ............................................................................... 140 5.2 The funeral of Bhawani Singh and the transfer of authority ..................... 149 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 154 Appendix 1: Translation of the Protocol .............................................................. 157 Appendix 2: The royal consecration of Saṃgrāmsingh II of Udaipur in 1710 ..... 183 Glossary ................................................................................................................ 187 Measures, Weights and Currency ................................................................... 195 References ............................................................................................................ 197 Archival sources ............................................................................................. 197 Primary sources ............................................................................................... 197 Secondary sources ........................................................................................... 198 Index ..................................................................................................................... 207 List of Maps, Plans, and Tables Maps 1. Funeral procession (14 April 1778) 68 2. Piṇḍadāna procession (22 April 1778) 87 3. Procession to temples (30 April 1778) 95 4. Procession to Gaiṭor (1 May 1778) 98 5. Procession to the Royal Artillery (8 May 1778) 100 6. Route from the City Palace of Jaipur to Āmer 106 7. Procession to Āmer (9 May 1778) 108 8. Procession in Āmer (10 May 1778) 112 9. Procession to Āmer (12 May 1778) 118 10. Rājtilak circuit (13 May 1778) 120 Plans 1. The City Palace of Jaipur 60 2. Āmer: Mānsingh’s palace 110 Tables 1. The inauspicious period following the death of Pṛthvīsingh 63 2. Darbārs during the inauspicious period 81 3. Processions in Jaipur after the renewal of the auspicious period 93 4. Schedule of Pratāpsingh’s royal consecration 105 5. Prices of foodgrains in 1778 132 6. Interregnum and royal consecration according to the mid-twentieth- century handbook 143 7. The inauspicious period from the death of Bhawani Singh of Jaipur 150 Image Credits Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney: p. 50. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford: frontispiece. Eva and Konrad Seitz Collection, Bonn: p. 122. viii Abbreviations and Note on Transcription Jörg Gengnagel, Heidelberg: pp. 21, 56, 69, 72, 111, 113 (fig. 32), 121, 170, 172. Robyn Beeche, Vrindaban: p. 47. The Trustees, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, City Palace, Jaipur: p. 25. Abbreviations DK Dastūr komvār, Jaipur. RSA HŚS Hindī śabdsāgar, see Śyāmsundardās 1967–86 KD Kapaṛdvārā (Kapad Dwara), see Bahura and Singh 1988 NP ‘Nagar Parikramā’, column by Nandkiśor Pārīk in the daily newspaper Rājasthān Patrikā, Jaipur RSA Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner RSK Rājasthānī sabad kos, see Lāḷas VS 2018–35 SH Syāhau hajūrī text. technical term for textiles Note on Transcription Sanskrit terms are transcribed according to the established rules. In the eighteenth- century archival sources from Rajasthan in Ḍhūṇḍharī a great variation of spellings occurs. This has not been artificially standardised, though somewhat regularized in order to ensure comprehensibility. The transcription of Hindi is that used by R.S. McGregor in his Hindi-English Dictionary (Oxford and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993). Many terms of Ḍhūṇḍharī, especially place names, have been officially replaced by Hindi terms. While the original terms have been retained in the transla- tion of the archival source translated in Appendix 1, they have usually been replaced by the now common Hindi ones in the main part of the book. Generally known Indi- an place names have been rendered in their anglicised form as used in Joseph E. Schwartzberg (ed.). A Historical Atlas of South Asia (Chicago and London: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1978). Some proper names occur alternately in Sanskritic, Hindi, or Rajasthani trans- cription. The Sanskritic transcription is used if a name occurs in a Sanskrit document or text. In order to avoid cluttering the book with italics, most Indian terms, especially designations of offices and ranks, have been italicised at first appearance and roman- ized thereafter. For the explanation of terms, see also the Glossary. Acknowledgements This book is the result of a research project entitled ‘Court Rituals of Jaipur’, conducted by myself in collaboration with Jörg Gengnagel. This project forms a topic within the Special Collaborative Research Group (SFB 619), ‘The Dynamics of Ritual’, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and based at the University of Heidelberg. Research in India and the production of the book were largely funded by the Special Collaborative Research Group. The forum provided by the Special Collaborative Research Group sharpened my awareness of theoretical issues in ritual studies. Jörg Gengnagel contributed to this book fundamentally by procuring from the Rajasthan State Archives in Bikaner the court record of the interregnum and royal consecration of Mahārājā Pratāpsingh in 1778, translated by myself and forming Appendix 1. This represents the main database for the book. Over the several years of my collaboration with Jörg Gengnagel, I have immensely benefited from cooperation and discussions with him, in this and other projects in which we have shared. My colleague also generously contributed a number of photos to the book. Further archival material came to me from Sharad Chandra Ojha, who carried out supplementary research for the project in Bikaner and who also donated to me his treasure of copies of archival material from the Rajasthan State Archives that he had collected over several decades. This rich source supplements in important ways the material that I have collected over the years. Without the collaboration of Jörg Gengnagel and Sharad Chandra Ojha this book could not have been written. In Jaipur, Rajendra Singh Khangarot has collaborated with the project in too many ways to be fully recorded here. It is especially his intimate relationship with the Kachvaha history and heritage that has proved seminal for the work pursued especially by Gengnagel in his own subprojects under the umbrella of the SFB 619. In his characteristic generosity, Rajendra Singhji also espoused my interests and did not shun the inconvenience of joining me in most of my numerous early-morning explorations in the old city of Jaipur and in Amer. He did all this despite his own busy schedule as Professor of History and Principal of the Agrawal P.G. College of Jaipur. Had he not mobilised his connections with former students of his who are now in the administrative cadre of Rajasthan, I would not have had access to the former Royal Artillery (Topkhana Hazuri), now the headquarters of the Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC), the state’s armed police forces, where I was able to retrace the relevant places and events recorded in the court protocol. Rajendra Singhji also collected for me the newspaper articles of the funeral of Bhawani Singh of Jaipur.