River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy iURBAN: iURBAN: Intelligent Urban Energy Tool Intelligent Urban Energy Tool In te llig Narcis Avellana and Alberto Fernandez (Editors) e n t UiU rR bB iiUntRegBrAaNtin: gI ndteiflfleigreenntt UICrbTa nen Eenregryg ym Taonoalg ienmtroendtu cseyss taenm us r(bbaont he nhearrgdyw toaorel an EnAN Narcis Avellana and Alberto Fernandez (Editors) e: and software) in two European cities, providing useful data to a novel rg y decision support system that makes available the necessary parameters T o for the generation and further operation of associated business models. ol The business models contribute at a global level to efficiently manage and distribute the energy produced and consumed at a local level (city or neighbourhood), incorporating behavioural aspects of the users into the software platform and in general prosumers. iURBAN integrates a smart Decision Support System (smartDSS) that collects real-time or near real-time data, aggregates, analyses and suggest actions of energy consumption and production from different buildings, renewable energy production resources, combined heat and power plants, electric vehicles (EV) charge stations, storage systems, sensors and actuators. The consumption and production data is collected via a heterogeneous data communication protocols and networks. The iURBAN smartDSS through a Local Decision Support System allows the citizens to analyse the consumptions and productions that they are generating, receive information about CO savings, advises in demand 2 response and the possibility to participate actively in the energy market. Whilst, through a Centralised Decision Support System allow to utilities, AN lba ESCOs, municipalities or other authorised third parties to: erc rtis •   Get a continuous snapshot of city energy consumption and production o A Fv •  Manage energy consumption and production ee rnll •  Forecasting of energy consumption aa nn •  Planning of new energy “producers” for the future needs of the city da e a zn Visualise, analyse and take decisions of all the end points that are (d E consuming or producing energy in a city level, permitting them to d i t forecast and planning renewable power generation available in the city. o r s ) iURBAN: Intelligent Urban Energy Tool RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SeriesEditor ERICJOHNSON AtlanticConsulting Switzerland The “River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy” is a series of comprehensive academicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusontheoryandapplicationsinrenewable energyandsustainableenergysolutions.Theserieswillserveasamulti-disciplinary resource linking renewable energy with society. The book series fulfils the rapidly growing worldwide interest in energy solutions. It covers all fields of renewable energy and their possible applications will be addressed not only from a technical pointofview,butalsofromeconomic,social,political,andfinancialaspect. Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooksandtextbooks.Thebooksprovideprofessionals,researchers,educators, andadvancedstudentsinthefieldwithaninvaluableinsightintothelatestresearch anddevelopments. Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following: • Renewableenergy • EnergySolutions • Energystorage • Sustainability • Greentechnology Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com iURBAN: Intelligent Urban Energy Tool Editors NarcisAvellana Sensing&Control,Spain Alberto Fernandez Sensing&Control,Spain Published,soldanddistributedby: RiverPublishers Alsbjergvej10 9260Gistrup Denmark RiverPublishers LangeGeer44 2611PWDelft TheNetherlands Tel.:+45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com ISBN:978-87-93519-10-7(Hardback) 978-87-93519-09-1(Ebook) ©TheEditor(s),andTheAuthors(s),2017.Thisbookispublished openaccess. Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii ListofContributors xv ListofFigures xvii ListofTables xxiii ListofAbbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 NarcisAvellanaandSofiaAivalioti 2 LogicArchitecture,Components,andFunctions 9 AlbertoFernandez 2.1 LogicView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1.1 LocalDecisionSupportSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1.1.1 Handlerdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.1.2 Businessdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1.1.3 Localdecisionsupportsystemuser interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.1.4 nAssist(cid:2)c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.2 CentralizedDecisionSupportSystem . . . . . . . . 18 2.1.2.1 Centralizeddecisionsupportsystem centraldatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.1.2.2 Handlerinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.2.3 Businessdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1.2.4 Centralizeddecisionsupport systemHMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 v vi Contents 2.1.3 SmartDecisionSupportSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.4 VirtualPowerPlant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.5 SmartCityDatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.5.1 Digestcomponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.5.2 OpendataAPIservices . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.5.3 Centralizeddecisionsupportsystem database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.5.4 LDSSdatabase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2 DeploymentView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3 DataPrivacyandConfidentiality 35 AlbertoFernandezandKarweMarkusAlexander 3.1 Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 ConfidentialityandGeneralSecurityRequirements . . . . . 38 3.3 TheiURBANPrivacyChallenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 PrivacyEnhancingviaTransparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5 PrivacyEnhancingviaDifferentialPrivacy . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.1 Privacy-EnhancingTechnologiesBased onPrivacyProtection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.5.2 PrivacyProtectionImplementation. . . . . . . . . . 45 3.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4 iURBANCDSS 49 MarcoForinandFabrizioLorenna 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2 GraphicalUserInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3 MainGUIFunctionalitiesinDetail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3.1 UserLogin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3.2 Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.3 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.3.1 Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3.4 CityEnergyView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.4.1 EnergyView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.4.2 FilterMaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.4.3 GraphContainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.3.4.4 HelpArea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.3.4.5 Consumption24H/7D/30D . . . . . . . . 66 Contents vii 4.3.5 DemandResponseManagement . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.3.5.1 DRprogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3.5.2 Peaksmonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.6 Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.3.6.1 TariffPlans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3.6.2 Tariffcomparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.7 Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.7.1 DataFlowOffline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.7.2 HotWaterTechnicalLosses . . . . . . . . 81 4.3.7.3 HeatingTechnicalLosses . . . . . . . . . 82 4.3.8 WeatherForecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3.9 User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3.10 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.10.1 Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.10.2 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5 iURBANLDSS 89 AlbertoFernandez 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2 GraphicalUserInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2.1 MainGraphicalUserInterfaceFunctionalities . . . . 93 5.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6 VirtualPowerPlant 107 MikeOatesandAidanMelia 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.2 VirtualPowerPlantiniURBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.2.1 smartDSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.2.2 LDSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.2.3 CDSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.2.4 VPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3 UserInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.4 CityModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.5 ModelingApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.6 CaseStudy:Rijeka,Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.6.1 “Asis”Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.6.2 “Whatif”—Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.6.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 viii Contents 6.7 FutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 7 iURBANSmartAlgorithms 125 SergioJuradoandAlbertoFernandez 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.2 “Asis”GenerationandConsumptionForecasts . . . . . . . 126 7.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.2.1.1 Randomforest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.2.1.2 Artificialneuralnetwork . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2.1.3 Fuzzyinductivereasoning . . . . . . . . . 130 7.2.2 AIGenerationandConsumptionForecast . . . . . . 132 7.2.2.1 Modelgeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.2.2.2 Modelandpredictionconfiguration parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.2.3 Gridsandlevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.2.3 DevelopmentandImplementation . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.2.3.1 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.2.3.2 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.3 DynamicTariffComparisonandDemandResponse Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3.1 Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3.2 Stimulus/ResponseSequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.3 UserWorkflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.3.4 CalculationMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.4.1 Priceelasticitybackground . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.4.2 Dynamictariffcomparisonanddemand responseformula . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 7.3.5 AssumptionsandLimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 8 SolarThermalProductionofDomesticHotWater inPublicBuildings 145 EnergyAgencyofPlovdiv 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.1.1 ThePilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Contents ix 8.2 PublicSolarProsumersBackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.2.2 HowIstheEnergyManagementandMonitoring ArchitectureEstablished?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.3 CaseStudyofaProsumingKindergarten . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.3.2 WhatWe’reInterestedinandHowData CanTellIt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.3.3 WhattheResultsTellUsforBaseline andPost-retrofitPeriods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.3.3.1 Whatwashappeningwhennoenergy efficiencymeasurewasimplemented backin2012? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.3.3.2 Whathappenedwhenthebuilding wasdeeplyrenovatedandRES wasintroducedin2015? . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.3.3.3 SohowdidEEandRESmeasuresbring changeinthekindergartenenergy balance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.3.3.4 Whatistheoverallimpactofbecoming aprosumer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 9 BusinessModels 155 StefanReichertandJensStrüker 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.2 BenefitFrameworkfortheOperationofanEnergy ManagementPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.2.1 EvaluationFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.2.2 AssessmentofBenefitsforEnergyProviders . . . . 159 9.3 BusinessBenefitsforRelatedUseCases . . . . . . . . . . . 161 9.3.1 CreationofCityEnergyView . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 9.3.1.1 Testingandvalidationinthepilot ofPlovdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.3.1.2 Testingandvalidationinthepilot ofRijeka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 9.3.2 What-ifScenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9.3.3 Auditing/Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170