Benjamin Jokisch Islamic Imperial Law W DE G Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients Beihefte zur Zeitschrift „Der Islam" Herausgegeben von Lawrence I. Conrad Neue Folge Band 19 Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York Benjamin Jokisch Islamic Imperial Law Harun-Al-Rashid's Codification Project Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York © Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. ISBN 978-3-11-019048-6 ISSN 1862-1295 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © Copyright 2007 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH &c Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or me- chanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin Foreword In the course of my preparations for this book I received assistance from many individuals and institutions to whom I would like to express my gratitude. So I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Lawrence Conrad for his counsel and for sharing his views about the issue of cultural interaction in early Islam. I am also most grateful to the German Research Foundation which accepted the research project and granted financial support for several years. Furthermore I would like to express my thanks to the staff of some libraries in Hamburg, particularly the State and University Library and the library of the Asien-Afrika-Institut. Last, but not least, I wish to acknowledge my deep gratitude to my family - Sabina, Anuschka and Avi - who supported my work with great leniency. Benjamin Jokisch Contents Introduction Parti The Origins of Islamic Law I. Preliminaries Chapter 1: Special Indicators of Reception 1.1. The Emergence of Islamic Legal Literature 1.2. Uniformity of Islamic Law 1.3. The Emergence of Personal Law Schools 1.4. Critical Reactions 1.5. Centralization of Judiciary 1.6. The Emergence of Islamic Humanism 1.7. Wave of Codifications 1.8. Abundance of Comparative Studies Chapter 2: Circumstances of Reception 2.1. Muslims Involved in the Reception 2.2. Date and Place of the Reception 2.3. Translators 2.4. Commissions Chapter 3: Comparative Analysis 3.1. Sources 3.2. Structure 3.3. Legal Fields 3.4. Deficiency Law (a) Preliminaries (b) Historical Layers and Text Structure (c) Juristic Aspects: Survey (d) Casuistry (e) Terminology (f) Style (g) Legal Reasoning Part II Islamic Imperial Law Preliminaries 261 Chapter 4: Ideological Basis 265 Chapter 5: Codification and Dissemination 279 5.1. The Imperial Code: Zähir al-riwäya 279 5.2. Islamic Government and Codification 280 5.3. Binding Force of the Imperial Code 282 5.4. Centralization of the Judiciary 287 5.5. Dissemination of Hanafism 305 Part III From Imperial to Jurists' Law Preliminaries 313 Chapter 6: The Byzantine Factor 321 6.1. General Predisposition to Cultural Exchange 322 6.2. Contacts 325 (a) Näfi' b. al-Azraq 338 (b) Jäbir b. Hayyän 347 (c) Ibn Kulläb 357 (d) Photios 364 6.3. Names and Catchwords 386 6.4. Literature 397 (a) Law 397 (b) Grammar 405 (c) Lexicography 413 (d) Prosody 415 (e) Rhetoric 420 (f) Theology 425 (g) Exegesis 430 (h) Hadlth 432 (i) History 433 (j) Romance 436 (k) Adab 437 6.5. Chronology 439 (a) Survey 439 (b) Byzantine-Islamic Intertwinedness 443 Chapter 7: The Origins of Usui al-fiqh 517 7.1. Preliminaries 517 7.2. ShaybänT's C/iö/Work 520 (a) The Term Ufül al-fiqh 521 (b) Bipartition of Usui al-fiqh 522 (c) Rukhsa 524 (d) Mu'ädh-Tradition 526 (e) HadTth Criticism 528 (f) Other Elements 531 7.3. The Shift to Orthodoxy: ShäfiTs Risäla 535 Chapter 8: The Islamic Organon 573 8.1. Preliminaries 573 8.2. The Divine Premise 578 8.3. The Philosophical School 581 8.4. Comparative Analysis: Organon - Usui al-fiqh 588 (a) Isagoge 591 (b) Categories 592 (c) Hermeneutics 598 (d) First and Second Analytics 600 (e) Sophistical Refutations 605 (f) Rhetoric 606 8.5. Scientization of Jurisprudence 611 Conclusion 617 Appendix 1: Cases 627 Appendix 2: Judges 651 Appendix 3: Terms 663 Abbreviations 681 Bibliography 687 Index of Persons 747