ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: INTERNATIONAL ISLAM Volume 4 ISLAM IN TROPICAL AFRICA ISLAM IN TROPICAL AFRICA Edited and with an Introduction by I. M. LEWIS Firstpublishedin1966byOxfordUniversityPressforthe InternationalAfricanInstitute Reprinted1969 SecondEditionpublishedinHutchinsonUniversityLibraryfor Africa1980 Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2017 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma business ©1966and1980InternationalAfricanInstitute Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-138-28929-1(Set) ISBN:978-1-315-26723-4(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-138-23275-4(Volume4)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-138-23278-5(Volume4)(pbk) ISBN:978-1-315-31141-8(Volume4)(ebk) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthis reprintbutpointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopies maybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersand wouldwelcomecorrespondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunableto trace. Islam in Tropical Africa Second Edition Edited and with an Introductionh y I. M. Lewis International African Institute in association with Hutchinson University Library for Africa London Melbourne Sydney Auckland Johannesburg HUTCHINSON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FOR AFRICA An imprint of the Hutchinson Publishing Group 24 Highbury Crescent, London N5 rnx Hutchinson Group (Australia) Pty Ltd 30-32 Cremorne Street, Richmond South, Victoria 3u1 PO Box 151, Broadway, New South Wales 2007 Hutchinson Group (NZ) Ltd 32-34 View Road, PO Box 40--086, Glenfield, Auckland ro Hutchinson Group (SA) (Pty) Ltd PO Box 337, Bergvlei 2012, South Africa First published 1966 by Oxford University Press for the International African Institute Reprinted 1969 Second edition published in Hutchinson University Library for Africa 1980 © International African Institute 1966 and 1980 Printed in Great Britain by The Anchor Press Ltd and bound by Wm Brendon & Son Ltd both of Tiptree, Essex British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Islam in tropical Africa. - 2nd ed. 1. Muslims in Sub-Saharan Africa - History 2. Islam - Tropics - History 3. Islam - Africa, Sub-Saharan - History I. Lewis, loan Myrddin II. International African Institute 301.44'2971'06 DT16.M/ ISBN O 09 141311 7 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition vii Part One Introduction I. M. LEWIS 1 I. Regional Review of the Distribution of Islam 4 II. Agents of Islamization 20 III. Islam and Political Systems 32 IV. Islamic Law and Customary Practice 45 V. Islam and Traditional Belief and Ritual 58 VI. Islam and the Modern World 76 Part Two Special Studies I. The Phases of . Islamic Expansion and Islamic J. Culture Zones in Africa S. TRIMINGHAM 99 II. The Penetration of Islam in the Eastern Sudan YusUF FADL HASAN u2 III. Religion and State in the Songhay Empire, 1464- 1591 J. 0. HuNWICK 124 IV. The Position of Muslims in Metropolitan Ashanti in the Early Nineteenth Century IvoR WrLKS 144 V. Lat-Dyor, Darnel of Kayor (1842-86) and the Islamization of the W olof of Senegal VINC ENT MoNTEIL 166 VI. Islam in Mossi Society ELLIOTTP . SKINNER 173 VII. Cattle Values and Islamic Values in a Pastoral J. Population D. SrnNNING 194 VIII. Islam among the F ulbe of Adamawa P. F. LACROIX 206 IX. The Jihad of Shehu Dan Fodio: Some Problems M. G. SMITH 213 X. The Sudanese Mahdiyya and the Niger-Chad Region SABURBI roBAKUa nd MUHAMMAADL -HAJJ 226 XL Conformity and Contrast in Somali Islam I. M. LEWIS 240 XII. The Ju mbe of Kota Kota and some Aspects of the History oflslam in Malawi GEORGES HEPPERSON 253 XIII. Sociological Factors in the Contact of the Gogo of J. Central Tanzania with Islam P. A. RIGBY 266 XIV. A Controversy over Islamic Custom in Kilwa Kivinje, Tanzania PETERL IENHARDT 289 Index 301 Maps I. Location of Peoples referred to in Special Studies x II. Contemporary Distribution of Islam South of the Sahara xi III. Principal Areas of Muslim Influence in the Sixteenth Century xii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Since this volume of papers from the Fifth International African Seminar, held at Zaria, was first published in 1966 there has been a healthy growth in research on Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Some of the more important additions to the literature on themes discussed in the Introduction have been indicated in the footnotes to this edition and are included in the additional reference section on page 92 (which, however, makes no pretension to being exhaustive). This recent work includes monographic studies by social anthropologists and political historians on particular religious brotherhoods (e.g. Cohen, 1968; O'Brien, 1971), com- parative works on the Islamic brotherhoods and the jihads as- sociated with them (Martin, 1976), studies on the inferaction between Islam and traditional African politics (e.g. Last, 1967; Levtzion, 1968; Paden, 1973), more general histories (e.g. Willis, 1979), and a valuable survey of the whole field by the dis- J. tinguished Arabist, S. Trimingham (1968). One of the more interesting theoretical developments is the debate between R. Horton (1971, 1975) and H. J. Fisher (1973) on the relationship between traditional African beliefs and infrastructures and conversion to Islam. Fallowing our general argument (see e.g. pp. 59, 80 and 81), Horton contends that the expansion of socio-economic relations associated with the development of trade and colonization accentuated indigenous theistic concepts, thus facilitating conversion to Allah as a transcendent deity. Islam, as it were, did not invent God, but rather took advantage of trends in African cosmology which were already in train independently of Muslim prosyletization. Pursuing this line of argument, Horton adopts what he terms an 'intellectualist' (but it is also Durkheimian) view of conversion which seems too narrow to apply adequately in the case of Islam or other religions. For contrary to this mentalistic view, Islam is not simply or solely a way of explaining things intellectually at