ISLAM IN TRIBAL SOCIETIES From the Atlas to the Indus Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: ISLAM 1 I # « FT H % ♦ ISLAM IN TRIBAL SOCLETIES From the Atlas to the Indus r - HI I V.dïtàbàu -mmtk AKBAR S. AHMED ANp DAVID M. HART J First published in 1984 This edition first published in 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 0X14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Rout ledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First issued in paperback 2010 © 1984 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 13: 978-0-415-42600-8 (Set) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-44672-3 (Volume 18)(hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-61193-0 (Volume 18)(pbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-134-56527-6 (ebk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint bur points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The total number of volumes in this set is 48. Two volumes from the original 50 volume set were withdrawn (vols 8 and 38) and it has unfortunately not been possible ro re-number the remaining volumes. A full title listing is available at http://www.routledge.com ISLAM IN TRIBAL SOCIETIES From the Atlas to the Indus Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart Routledge & Kegan Paul London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley First published in 1984 by Routledge & Kegan Paul pie 39 Store Street, London WC1E 7DD, 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA, 464 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, and Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on Thames, Oxon RG9 1EN Printed in Great Britain by The Thetford Press Ltd, Thetford, Norfolk © Routledge & Kegan Paul 1984 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Islam in tribal societies, includes index. I. Tribes and tribal system—Islamic countries — Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Islam—20th century Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Ahmed, Akbar S. II. Hart, David M. JC49.I76 1983 305.6'971 83-561 ISBN 0-7100-9320-9 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart 1 1 Doctor and saint Ernest Gellner 21 2 Arbitration as a political institution: an inter­ pretation of the status of monarchy in Morocco Magali Morsy 39 3 Segmentary systems and the role of 'five fifths' in tribal Morocco David M. Hart 66 4 Cultural resistance and religious legitimacy in colonial Algeria Fanny Colonna 106 5 Sufism in Somaliland: a study in tribal Islam I.M. Lewis 127 6 Alliance and descent in the Middle East and the 'problem' of pa trilateral parallel cousin marriage Donald P. Cole 169 7 The paucity of ritual among Middle Eastern pastoralists £mrys Peters 187 8 Honour groups in traditional Turkmenian society V.N. Basilov 220 9 Holier than thou: Islam in three tribal societies Richard Tapper 244 10 Tribal warfare in Afghanistan and Pakistan: a reflection of the segmentary lineage system Louis Dupree 266 v vi Contents 11 Religiosity, values and economic change among Sheikhanzai nomads Bahram Tavakolian 287 12 Feuding with the spirit among the Zikri Baluch: the saint as champion of the despised Stephen L. Pastner 302 13 Religious presence and symbolism in Pukhtun society Akbar S. Ahmed 310 Notes on the contributors 331 Index 333 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1 - Doctor and saint - by Ernest GelLner, first appeared in Nikki R. Keddie (ed.), 'Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions since 1500', University of California Press, 1972 (© 1972 Regents of the University of California), and is reprinted by permission of the University of California Press. Chapter 3 - Segmentary systems and the role of 'five fifths' in tribal Morocco - by David M. Hart, first appeared in 'Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée', vol. 3, no. 1 (1967), pp. 65-95, and is reprinted by permission. Chapter 4 - Cultural resistance and religious legitimacy in colonial Algeria - by Fanny Colonna, first appeared in 'Economy and Society', vol. 3, no. 3 (August 1974), pp. 233-52 (©Rout­ ledge & Kegan Paul 1974), and is reprinted by permission of Routledge & Kegan Paul. Chapter 5 - Sufism in Somaliland : a study of tribal Islam - by I.M. Lewis, first appeared in the 'Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies', vol. 17, no. 3 (1955), pp. 581- 602, and vol. 18, no. 1 (1956), pp. 145-60, and is reprinted by permission.