Love and hate : is militarization perceived as sustainable development for Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)? : a case study on CHT, Bangladesh 著者 Md. Reazul Haque 権利 Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア 経済研究所 / Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp journal or IDE Discussion Paper publication title volume 717 year 2018-05 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2344/00050374 INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IDE Discussion Papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussions and critical comments IDE DISCUSSION PAPER No. 717 Love and Hate Is Militarization Perceived as Sustainable Development for Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)?: A Case Study on CHT, Bangladesh Md. Reazul Haque * May 2018 Abstract: Background: The existence of Bangladesh Army in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) has often been associated and presented as the panacea and mantra of development for CHT Pahari population1 . The ongoing debate whether the Paharis population of CHT perceives the existence of army as the mantra of development or threat to their existence continues to exist. There have not been many ethnographical studies that empirically examine the perception of the Paharis about this relationship and the changing mode of the dialogues over the decades. Method: With case studies, observations and focus group discussions I undertook a qualitative study on community perceptions of the Paharis, Bengali settlers, and 1 Lewin in his famous ‘wild race’ (2004[1870]) invented new terminology to designate and identify the CHT people, which is the category used even today. He collectively termed the CHT people as ‘hill-men’ (Pahari in Bengali), which is still used to identify CHT people both by themselves and by the majority Bengalis” (Lewin in Uddin 2010: 286). Throughout the research, I will also use the term Pahari to identify these ethnic communities in CHT. i representatives from Bangladesh Army in CHT districts. I conducted interviews of randomly selected Pahari respondents (n=7), Bengali settlers (n=10), Army representatives (n=4) and Academic, Security Expert and Local political leader (n=3) representing the overall catchment area of CHT. I then carried out direct content analysis to identify themes and triangulate findings across methods and informant groups. Result: Key themes emerged across from the interviews surrounding: (1) militarization and powerlessness and unheard of Pahari people; (2) lack of collective awareness and consciousness among the Pahari people about their rights; (3) militarization as a strategic requirement for giving security to Bengali settlers; (4) development perceived as ‘impossible and less plausible reality’ for the Pahari people. These themes recurred throughout many participants’ narratives and cases and influenced their perception of militarization and development. Conclusion: As the perceptions of the Pahari people in CHT, which often results in lack of trust between the Bengali settlers and Pahari people, continues to exist, it will be critical to find convincing, effective and sustainable ways of addressing the ongoing perceptions of the Pahari people. Key words: Army, Bengalis, Paharis, Sustainable Development, Militarization, Peace Accord, CHT. * Professor, Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, (Bangladesh) PhD in Women’s Studies, Flinders University (Australia),MA in Development Studies, ISS (the Netherlands), MSS & MPhil in Public Administration, University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) Email: [email protected] / [email protected] This version is completed during his visit to Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-JETRO) as a Visiting Research Fellow in October 2017- March 2018. ii The Institute of Developing Economies (IDE) is a semigovernmental, nonpartisan, nonprofit research institute, founded in 1958. The Institute merged with the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) on July 1, 1998. The Institute conducts basic and comprehensive studies on economic and related affairs in all developing countries and regions, including Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, Oceania, and Eastern Europe. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s). Publication does not imply endorsement by the Institute of Developing Economies of any of the views expressed within. INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (IDE), JETRO 3-2-2, WAKABA, MIHAMA-KU, CHIBA-SHI CHIBA 261-8545, JAPAN ©2018 by Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the IDE-JETRO. iii Dedicated to My Sisters Hamida Banu, Thamina Begum & Zohora Begum & Elder brother Nurul Haque iv Note of Thanks The research on Love and Hate – “Is Militarization Perceived as Sustainable Development for Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)?: A Case Study on CHT, Bangladesh” was a dream project for me. To make this dream a reality, first of all, I want to acknowledge the monetary support provided by the IDE-JETRO without which the dream would have remained a merely a dream. It is a matter of privilege for me to acknowledge my intense gratitude and indebtedness to my counterpart Dr. Kenmei Tsubota, an honourable research fellow at Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization. I express my warm thanks to him for his cordial contribution in developing the research and make it more informative. His amiable and precious inputs have not only enhanced the quality of this research paper but also opened innovative windows for me for self-assured thinking on this issue. I am particularly grateful for this infinite patience in guidance and giving valuable suggestions to make the research thoughtful. Amidst many responsibilities he always found time to share his knowledge. I am also thankful to Dr. Mayumi Murayama, Director- General, Research Promotion Department of IDE for her endless support. I want to give especial thanks to Dr. Zhe Ren, Dr. Housam Darwishe, Yumiko Ishikawa, Atsuko Hirakata and Dr. Yamagata of International Exchange and Training Department, IDE Advanced School (IDEAS). I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to all of the respondents (Bengalis, Paharis, Army, Human Right Activists, Academic and Security Experts) because without their voluntary participation it would have been impossible to complete this research. Their enthusiastic involvements made this entire study an unforgettable experience for me. I am thankful to Dr. Amrita Chhachhi, Dr. Dubravka Žarkov and Dr. Thanh Dam Truong of ISS, The Netherlands, Dr. Noore Alam Siddiquee, Dr. Barbara Baird, Dr. Yvonne Corcoran-Nantes, Dr. Heather Brook of the discipline of Women’s Studies of Flinders University, Professor Delem Ch Barman, Professor Sadeka Halim, Professor Gobinda Chakraborty and Professor Nayeem Sultana of Dhaka University for their cordial help. I am thankful to Professor Mizanuddin and Professor Anik Mahmud of Rajshahi University for their inspiration. I want to remember the valuable words of my idol late Professor M. Azaduzzaman (Former Chairman of University Grants Commission of Bangladesh) who is my source of inspiration in every sphere of life. Although it is not possible to mention all my friends and well-wishers who assisted me at various stages of this research, I want to remember few of them like Kamrul Hasan, Abdul Hamid, Md. Nasim Uddin, Tanmoy Mazumder, AHM Nahid, Md. Niamot Ali, Abdullah Shahnewaz, Kaniz Fatima Lily, Mohammad Shaheenur Alam, Md. Koushik Ahmed, Shahtab Mahmud, Prabir Kumar Sarkar, Ashfaq Ahmed Jack, A. N. M. Mazharul Islam, Usahang Mong Marma Hero and especially to Barrister Jyotirmoy Barua, without him, it would be impossible to come and finish this research. His constant support, encouragement made it possible to submit this research. I will remain grateful to him for rest of my life. No word can adequately express my debt of gratitude to my mother late Mafuza Begum, and my beloved sisters Hamida Banu, Thamina Begum, and Zohora Begum for generating in me a v perennial interest in higher education. Without my sisters, I would not be able to come to this stage and thanks will be so little and too formal in this regards. I am also thankful to my brothers Habib, Amin, Iman and my elder brother Nurul Haque. I could not give enough time to the sweetest young members of my family Rideta, Nodi, Barisha, Sami, Sajid, Ifti, and Omi because of this research. Above all, I would like to acknowledge Almighty Allah who enabled me to successfully complete and submit this research paper. Professor Md. Reazul Haque, Ph.D. vi Content Abstract Note of Thanks Abbreviation Chapter One: Introduction: Focusing On the Unfocussed 1-11 1.1 Background and Problem Statement 1.2.Justification 1.3. Objectives 1.4. Research Question 1.5. Research Process 1.6. Layout of the Research 1.7. Limitations of the Research Chapter Two: Underpinning the Concepts & Contexts from Previous Studies 12-24 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Section A: Concepts 2.3. Section B: Review of Literature 2.4. Section C: Theoretical Framework 2.5. Conclusion Chapter Three: Unveiling Reality: Different Voices, Different Perceptions 25-48 3.1. Introduction Section A: Perceptions of the Bengalis Section B: Perceptions of the Paharis Section C: Perceptions of the Army Section D: Perceptions of Others 3.5. Conclusion Chapter Four: Drawing the Curtains: Concluding Remarks 49-54 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Findings vii 4.3. Recommendations 4.4. Conclusion Appendix 55-77 Reference 71-78 viii Abbreviation ALRD Association for Land Reform and Development BAL Bangladesh Awami League BGB Boarder Guard Bangladesh BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BNSB Bangladesh National Society for Blind CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CI Congress of India CHT Chittagong Hill Tract CHTDB Chittagong Hill Track Development Board DB Detective Branch DC District Commissioner EU European Union GoB Government of Bangladesh HQ Head Quarter HT Hill Tract HWF Hill Women’s Federation MNDP Mro National Defense Party NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSI National Security Intelligence PCJSS Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti SB Shanti Bahini SB Special Branch SD Sustainable Development SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SSA Sammo Adikhar Andolon UK United Kingdom ULFA United Liberation Front of Assam UNDP United Nations Development Programme ix