इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 4839-1 (1992): Maintenance of canals - Code of practice, Part 1: Unlined canals [WRD 13: Canals and Cross Drainage Works] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS4838 ( Part1 ) : 1882 if~ ~ Ui-~ ftftf ~ - 1fT'T 1 aT,"~ ~,~ (t..:tJ"~ ) Indian Standard MAINTENANCE OF CANALS CODE OF PRACTICE PART 1 UNLINED CANALS ( Second Revision) UDC 626·14: 006-76 • SIS 1"2 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BRAVAN. , BAHADUR SHAH ZAPAR MARO NBW D BLHI 110002 AMENDMENT NO.1 JULY 200S TO IS 4839 ( PART 1 ) : 1992 MAINTENANCE OF CANALS - CODE OF PRACTICE PART 1 UNLINED CANALS ( SecondRePi.do") ( Page 4,clause 4.2 )-Insert new subclause 4.3 as given below: "4.3 Based ontechno economic considerations, tlyashconfonning to IS 3812 ( Pan 1 ) : 2003 'Specification for pulverized fuel ash for use as pozzolana in cement, cement mortar andconcrete (second revision)' may be used along with soil and/orcement for repairs." (WRD 13) lleproaraPhyUnit,BIS,NowDelhi, India IrrigationCanalsand Canal Linings SectionalCommittee, RVD 13 FOREWORD This Indian Standard (Part 1) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after thedraftfinalized by theIrrigation CanalsandCanalLinings SectionalCommittee had beenapproved bythe RiverValley Division Council. Thisstandardgives necessaryguidance regardingthe maintenance ofa canalfor the assistance of engineers in field. However. it is not possible to cover all types of contingencies in this standard and the discretion of engineer-in-char,e wouldbe required in such cases. This part coversmaintenanceof unlinedcanals. Part 20 this standard covers the maintenance of lined canals. Part 3 covers the maintenance of canal structures, drains, outlets, jungle clearance, plantation and regulation. This standard (Part 1) wasfirst published in 1968 and subsequently revised in 1979. This second revision hasbeen taken upin the light of the comments received from the members. The salient changes made in this revision are asfollows: Information relating to a) dischargeobservations has been modified. b) Provisions on RoadsRamps havebeen added. c) Analternate method on closingofBreacheshasbeen added. d) The note on hydraulic survey hasbeenmodified. For the purpose of decidingwhethera particular requirementofthis standard is complied with the finalvalue, observedor calculated, expressing the result ofa test or analysis, shall be rounded ott in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding otT numericalvalues ( reviled)'. The numberofsignificantplaces retained in the rounded offvalue should be the sameas that of the specified valuein this standard. IS 4839 (Part 1) : 1992 Indian Standard MAINTENANCE OF CANALS CODE OF PRACTICE PART 1 UNLINED CANALS ( Second Revision) 2.2.2 Clearing operation should be started from 1 SCOPE downstream to upstream starting either from This standard (Part 1) coversthe maintenance the tailor a fall. and repair of unlined canals. 2.1.3 Bed 2 CANAL Allgrass should bescraped and weeds removed from the silted bed wherever they are found to 2.1 Geaer.1 exist since their presence induces silt deposit, reducing velocity and waterway. The chiefrequirements of uniform canal are as folJows: 2.2.3.1 All local accumulation or continous deposits or mounds of silt should be removed a) A clean regularbed, to correct bed level (see2.3). b) Straight clean slopes, 2.2.3.2 Beds should be levelled and their gra dients regularized bythe removalof silt mounds c) Uniform berm widths, and higher than correct bed level. Bed levels d) Uniform regulartop width. should be fixed correctly at close intervals by means of boning rods. In case of main canals, %.1.1 Closure on main canal and branches branches, and distributaries, silt at the junction should be notified sufficiently in advance. ofbed and slopes should not be removed if the Whenever a canal is closed it should beinspect.. section of waterways is not unduly affected. ed as soon as possible, All pipes and openings Small minors and all tail reaches should, in the crest of falls should be opened so as to however, be cleared to the correct trapezoidal drain off the water upstream of the fall. The Section. The practice of cutting the silt canal should be cleaned before it is run again. deposited at the junction of side slope and bed All masonry workshould beperiodically cleared and throwing it on the bedto level it should of rubbish, stones, brickbats, etc, as the not be permitted. opportunity offers, especially the siphons and the stillins basins. NOTE- Hydraulic survey for channels which arc givingtrouble should becarried out oncea yearto identify t,be problem and take remedial action when. 2.2 Bed ud Berm ever ncctlsary. For all other channels, hydraulic survey may beconducted oncein a period of Syears Bedand berm should be scraped, where neces and sui'ablc remodelling carried out wherever sary and especially in tail reaches. Berm and required, Gauges should be fixed at the control bed lines should be correctly aligned before points and full supply level of the channel should also be pointed on the abutmentsof the bridges. scraping. Berm should not be scraped if it hasnot silted properly. 2.1.3.3 Irrigation canals that carry silt-free water from reservoirs generally get infested 2.1.1 Before starting work on either the bed with aquatic weed growth whichreduces their or berms, they should be aligned by flags and capacity and thereby impairs their proper func string. The formerare necessary for the align. tioning. For maintaining these canals at mcnt in general and the latter to correct small designed efficiency it is essential to keep them irregularities in that. Every opportunity clear of aquatic weeds. In case of newlycons should be taken to straighten the canal and to tructed canals regular inspections should be get rid ofkinks and irregularities in the align undertaken to locate any spots wherethe weed ment and also to ease off all curves where growth has set in. Weeds from such spots scouringor silting takes place. should beremovedcompletelysothat infestation 1 IS 4839( Part 1 ) : 1"2 does not spread. In the case of old canals Heavyberm cutting maybe avoided by regular where aquatic weedgrowthis profuse suitable trimming and scraping as the situation calls mechanical or chemical methods may be for everyyear. employed at as early stage as possible. Care should be taken that the chemical is used 2.14.S Killa-bushing filled with brush-wood within reasonable limits so that it is not harm should be provided to induce formation ofthe ful for livingbeingsand the corps. Biological berms. methods such as fishculture of the type of grass-cerp could also be tried. 2.3 SUtClearance 2.2.3.4 Inletsand escapes Silt eiectors/desilting basins wherever provided should be operated regularly to prevent accu Inlets normally cause harm to the canals bed mulation of silt. If a canal is in regime and and sideslopes and the drainage therefrom taking ~ts full supply, it is not necessary to should be siphoned underthe canals wherever clear silt to the theoretical cross-section. If economically feasible. If storm water is the canal is not functioning properly, it maybe admitted to the canal at any place, the canal suffiCIent merely to clear a portion of silt to immediately, above and below the inlet, should get it into efficient working order or it may be be inspected after storms and any silt or sand necessary to clear to full theoretical cross that mayhave been brought down should be section (see 2.2.3.2). On run of the river clearedaway to maintain proper section. When canals and specially those whichare also run inlets are provided with loose stone bunds or f<?r p.addy .irrigation.silt is likely to deposit in inlet walls or traps they should be cleared of distributaries and minors which may get picked silt and trash from time to time. up when clear water runs in the channel after monsoon. Longitudinal sections of silted bed Escapesshould be kept clear of silt and jungle of suc~ channelsshouldbetaken during closure growth. These should be run occasionally to Immediately after monsoons and the gradient test their discharging capacity and to maintain at which silt should beremovedand be approv right of escaping excesswater into natural ed bythe Executive Engineer. Silt should not drains in which such escapes join and to avoid be cleared belowfalls but if outlets in such tendency of cultivators to sowin low lying places are overdrawing water due to rise in land in the bed and along the sides of such water surface, they should be raised. Boning natural drains. rods should be used to see whether the silt has been properly cleared. 2.2.4 Berm 2.3.1 As soon as a canal is closed for a fairly Bermcuttingshould not be starteduntil sample long period the bed bars should be uncovered profiles have been cut and the lines carefully and the depth of silt over them recorded. laid. Where earth is required for repair of banks, berm pockets may be made in the 2.4 Silt Disposal manner specifiedin 4.1 ( c ). Disposal of silt form bed depends 011 its quality 2.2.4.1 Wherever bermsare fullyformed upall as given below: grassand brush-wood should be removed from a) Coarse Silt - Found in head reaches of them since their presence induces abnormal distributaries. It .contains a large per and irregulargrowth resulting in constriction centage of sand whichdoes not stabilize of canal section. and is useless for any repairs. This should ~e disposed of in filling old 2.2.4.2 Irregular protruding and overhanging borrowpits first and then on longouter berms shouldbe cut back to lroper alignment slopes of banks; care being taken that and slope. If this is neglecte bermsfall in or the top of the heap is never allowed to protrude abnormally and the canals tends to comeabove the bank level. Silt thrown adopt an irregular section or windingcourse. outer slopes of banks should be dispos ed of 1~ a.regular and uniform manner 2.2.4.3 Wherever berms have grown excessively and not In Irregular heaps; thereby tightening the waterway they should be cut to proper section. b)Medium Silt - Pound in middle reaches ofdistributaries. It stabilizes after one 2.2.~.4 Bermsshould bekept straight bytrimm monsoon passes over it if taken out ing projections after alilniDS them correctl y. before or during the monsoon. It may 2 IS 4839 ( Part 1) : 1992 be utilized in: (1) closing leaks, 2.5.3 Gauges at the head and tail of all the (2) securing outward slopes, and channels and at important points in between (3) widening bank only as supplement to on long channels should be observed and the berm earth if it proves insufficient; recorded daily. and 2.6 Breaches c) Fine Silt - found in tail reaches of canals. Contains a good proportion of Breaches should be handled in the manner clay and settles down to a very smooth recommended in Annex A. surface and allows grass to grow freely on it, it is valuable for all repairs and 3 BANKS should be used like berm earth. 3.1 Regular cross-sections should be surveyed 2.4.1 Silt should not be heaped above bank to sec settlement pattern of banks. Banks level. It should not be used in raising and shall be brought up and maintained to full narrowing already high and narrow banks. section. The minimum width and free board It should never be thrown on the berm of inner of the bank should be in accordance with the slope of banks. Coarse and medium silt should relevant Indian Standard. not be spread on canal service road. If this has to be done for any reasons, the surface 3.2 Before continuous bank rep..rirs are started, should be covered by a IS em thick layer of profiles should be made, 30m apart. These good loamy soil or fine silt. should be at the correctheight and width of the bank repaired and should be checked before 2.4.2 Material obtained from bed and berm work is started. cutting as specified in 2.4 and should be utiliz ed in repairing the banks to make them up to 3.3 All holes and rain cuts should be fully the design section. opened up to the bottom by digging steps not more than 0·5 m deep inthe sides and removing 2.4.2.1 Bed silt should generally be thrown on all the fallen or loose lumps of earth, bushes, outer slope of the weaker bankto strengthen it; grass roots, etc. Pilling and repairing should be if both banks are equally weak it should be done by placing levellayers of earth (not more thrown equally on each side. than IS em deep) obtained from source speci fied in 4.1. The earth in each layer should be 2.5 Miscellaneous free from clods, roots, grass, brickbats and other debris and it should be compacted at Where a canal is running brush-wood that adequate moisture content. collects at bridges, siphons and falls, it should be removed to some distance away from the 3.4 Leakesshould bestopped front theupstream banks, dried and burnt. When trees fall into side by cutting offthe penetrating water. If a canal they should be removed at once. When practicable cracks should have good eaith general clearance is being done it should be worked into them by chisel pointed poles, but particularly seen that silt and rubbish are if the presence of water against the bank pre cleared from under the bridges. vents, this, the leakage should be stopped by a cover of good earth thrown over it. Subse 2.5.1 Instances of excessive scouring at any quently, indry season the defective part should point should be noted and adequate measures, be opened '4P and properly remade. such as driving in stakes along withbrush-wood and construction of revetment should be taken 3.5 Top of bank should be smooth and free to stop them. from clods and silt mounds. They should be given a slight outward cross slope of about 1 2.5.1 It is not practically feasible to observe in 80in order to take the rain water awayfrom the discharge in the channels once a month. the canal. To have effectivecontrol in regulation, it will be desirable to observedischarge at conspicuous 3.6 Both edgesof banks especially the inner place near the flumes or free falls and to ones should be neatly aligned parallel to the frame gauge discharge tables and such tables canal. They should be absolutely straight in may be operated for a periodof one year: .In straight reaches and regular on curves. case wherethere is no other means of arriving 3.7 Both inner and outer slopes and toes of at the discharge observations by wayof meter flumes free falls, discharge ta~les may ~e banks should be free from irregularities. Only 01 projections shall be cut down and earth thus framed for operation for a period of SIX obtained should be utilized in fillinghollows. months. 3 IS4839 (Part 1): 1992 b) ByRemovalo/Irregularltle,- Highbanks 3.8 The bank slopes shouldnot be scraped or can be loweredand bumps or projections cut back as a general rule. on top or sides cut downto fillin the 3.9 Loose earth should not be left lyingon top hollows. of a bank. Wherever fillingis necessary, it c) ByMakingPockets inBerms- Bymaking should be well compacted. 1·~ !l11ong ~ockets in the berm with a mmimum distance of 1·0 m left in bet 3.10 Grassor turfing should not be scraped. weenthem. Depth should beusuallykept It should only be cut as far as necessary to 30 em. The silt should be removed show the surface of the bank and to avoid the leavinga layer of silt at least 15 em holesbeing hidden under long grass. thick next to the bank. 3.11 Scraping the top edges of banks for d) From SpoilBanks appearance should not be permitted. e) From Prominent Mounds in the Fleltb 3.12 Earth from any surface (see4) for bank Near theSite repairs should be placed where required and in f) From Beds ofDrains Near theSite suchquantitiesonly as needed, otherwise banks willbecome irregular by developing unwanted g) From Borrow Pits in theBed 0/Dlstribu bulgesand hollows. taries and Minors - These are usually not recommended but shouldnot be used 3.13 The top of both banks should alwaysbe in any case at the tails of distributaries kept smooth and free from holes. One bank, and minors which do not get silt. This at least, should be maintained as an inspection is particularly important for canals fed bank. from reservoirs. h) From Outside Borrow Pits - Earth from 3.14 Banks that are too low should be raised to outside borrow pits should be only the proper design levelsas early as possible. obtained if it is not possible to procure earth from any of the other sources 3.15 Banksshould generally be at least 30em specified above. above the country level to prevent drainage getting in the canal. 4.2 The following precautions should be observedin taking earth from outside borrow 3.16 Breaches and hollows shall be repaired as pits: specified in Annex A. a) No borrow pits should be dug within 6 m 3.17 When banks show signsof slushing owing fr~~ the toe of banks or driving road or to saturation, they may be protected with an driving road or ramps of bridges. appropriately designedfilter and/or drain. b) Borrow pitsshould normallybe not more 3.18 In case of banks where there is trouble than 30em deep; and due to borrowing of animals, a sand core may c) Earth should not be taken from the toe beprovided. of banks, as the natural rounding of the cornershould not be disturbed as shown 3.18.1 In pervious reaches where seepage is in Fig. I. excessivepuddled clay core. in place of sand core, may be provided. 5 ROADS AND RAMPS 3.18.1 Where water loggingis observed seepage 5.1 Roads and ramps should be kept smooth drains should be provided on either bank. and shall have a regular longitudinal grade. 4 SOURCESOFEARTH FORREPAIR 5.1 At outlet and bridge crossings the road should be specially attended to, for it ishere 4.1 Suitable earth for repairsmaybe obtained that 0!1e generally gets very bad jolts while from the following sources: motoring due to bumps and hollows existing there. .These defects should be removed by a) From Internal Clearoncu - Material stretching a string across the top and shaving obtainedfrominternal clearancesshould offthe bumps and filling in the hollowstill the be utilizedas givenin 2.~.2. stringtouchesthe surface allthrough. 4