इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 15202-2 (2012): Guidelines for Implementation of Statistical Process Control (SPC) Part 2 Catalogue of Tools and Techniques [MSD 3: Statistical Methods for Quality and Reliability] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 Hkkjrh; ekud lkaf[;dh; çfØ;k fu;a=k.k (,lihlh) dks dk;kZfUor djus gsrq ekxZn'khZ fl¼kar Hkkx 2 rjhdksa vkSj rduhdksa dh lwph Indian Standard GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) PART 2 CATALOGUE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ICS 03.120.30 © BIS 2012 B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 August 2012 Price Group 6 Statistical Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee, MSD 3 NATIONAL FOREWORD This Indian Standard (Part 2) which is identical with ISO 11462-2 : 2010 ‘Guidelines for implementation of statistical process control (SPC) — Part 2: Catalogue of tools and techniques’ issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Statistical Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee and approval of the Management and Systems Division Council. This standard is published in two parts. Other part of this standard is: Part 1 Elements of SPC The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following: a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be read as ‘Indian Standard’. b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker. In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian Standards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards, which are to be substituted in their respective places are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated: International Standard Corresponding Indian Standard Degree of Equivalence ISO 3534-1 : 2006 Statistics — IS 7920 (Part 1) : 2012 Statistics — Technically Equivalent Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: Vocabulary and symbols: Part 1 General statistical terms and terms General statistical terms and terms used in probability used in probability (third revision) ISO 3534-2 : 2006 Statistics — IS 7920 (Part 2) : 2012 Statistics — Identical Vocabulary and symbols — Part 2: Vocabulary and symbols: Part 2 Applied statistics Applied statistics (third revision) ISO 11462-1 : 2001 Guidelines for IS 15202 (Part 1) : 2002 Guidelines do implementation of statistical for implementation of statistical process control (SPC) — Part 1: process control (SPC): Part 1 Elements of SPC Elements of SPC IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 Indian Standard GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) PART 2 CATALOGUE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 1 Scope This part of ISO 11462 provides a catalogue of tools and techniques to help an organization in planning, implementation and evaluation of an effective statistical process control (SPC) system. This catalogue gives tools and techniques that are essential for the successful realization of the SPC elements specified in ISO 11462-1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3534-1, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability ISO 3534-2, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 2: Applied statistics 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3534-1 and ISO 3534-2 apply. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ANOM analysis of means ANOVA analysis of variance c chart count control chart CDF cumulative distribution function C process capability index p C minimum process capability index pk CTQ critical to quality EWMA exponentially weighted moving average 1 IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 EWMA chart control chart using the exponentially weighted moving average FMEA failure modes effect analysis FMECA failure modes effect and criticality analysis FTA fault tree analysis Me chart control chart using the sample median Me MR chart control chart using the moving range MR np chart number of categorized units control chart p chart proportion categorized units control chart P chart percent categorized units control chart P machine performance capability index m P minimum machine performance capability mk P process potential index p P process performance index pk PDPC process decision program chart QC quality control QFD quality function deployment R chart control chart using the sample range R s standard deviation, realized value s chart control chart using the standard deviation, realized value SPC statistical process control u chart count per unit control chart X individual measured value X (Xbar) subgroup average X chart control chart using the sample average X 2 IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 5 Purpose of the catalogue This catalogue is intended to be used as a guideline in the quality planning, process control and continual improvement phases, to assist in problem identification and solving in operational activities with the use of statistical process control (SPC) methods. The techniques listed in this part of ISO 11462 enable an organization to bring their processes under statistical control and, in the state of prediction, conduct a process capability assessment against technical requirements, and determine the inherent process capability and reliability. It provides a means for management to effectively increase the knowledge of processes producing critical to quality (CTQ) product or process parameters. This process capability knowledge may be used to assist in specifying tolerances or to assess feasibility. Statistical process control is often called the voice of the customer because it signals when a process has gone out of control, enabling the process operator/owner to investigate the cause and correct the process to bring it back into control. By reducing the special causes of the out-of-control state, it enables management to take improvement actions to reduce common cause variation. Processes that are reliable, predictable and capable provide the organization with more efficient, effective and economic performance, and enhanced customer satisfaction. The catalogue in this part of ISO 11462 gives guidelines for organizations to use in the planning, development, execution and evaluation of a statistical process control system. In practice, the seven QC tools are used on a continual basis and cover the majority of problems and tasks. However, there are occasions when the full range of tools listed in the catalogue has applications. This catalogue is intended to be helpful in finding the applicable standard. 6 Classification of quality tools and techniques See Table 1. Table 1 — Classification of quality tools and techniques Element Statistical tool and technique Reference 6.1 Demerit control chart Audit tools 6.2 p control chart Control charts for attributes data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.3 np control chart Control charts for attributes data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.4 c control chart Control charts for attributes data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.5 u control chart Control charts for attributes data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.6 X (Xbar) and s control chart Control charts for variables data ISO 7870-1 (often used in mechanized devices) ISO 8258a 6.7 Control chart, multiple-attribute/demerit/weighted Control charts for attributes data ISO 7870-1 Future ISO 7870-5c 6.8 Pareto control chart Analysis of criticality and ISO 8258a significance 6.9 Group short-run moving average (or median) and Control charts for small sample Future ISO 7870-5c moving range data 6.10 Acceptance control chart As in ISO 8258a and ISO 7966b ISO 8258a ISO 7966b 3 IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 Table 1 (continued) Element Statistical tool and technique Reference 6.11 Slant control chart Group charts for variables data Future ISO 7870-5c 6.12 Probability chart, non-normally distributed control Determination of distribution for ISO 22514-3 chart given data and assessment of ISO/TR 22514-4 short-term capability 6-13 Probability control chart Determination of distribution for ISO 22514-3 given data and assessment of ISO/TR 22514-4 short-term capability 6.14 Individual X with moving range (non-normal) Control charts for variables data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.15 Individual X with moving range (normal) Control charts for variables data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.16 Median control charts Group charts for variables data ISO 7870-1 ISO 8258a 6.17 Modified control chart Chart for allowance of process drift Future ISO 7870-5c 6.18 Moving average control chart Charts for observing trends Future ISO 7870-5c 6.19 Moving range control chart Charts for observing trends Future ISO 7870-5c 6.20 Pre-control control chart (not preferred) Chart for individuals using tolerance 6.21 Runs test Test for trend data analysis ISO 7870-1 6.22 Standardized control charts (Z chart) Short-run chart group charts for Future ISO 7870-5c variables data 6.23 Normalized (or nominal) control charts Short-run chart group charts for Future ISO 7870-5c variables data 6.24 X ( Xbar) control chart, constant subgroup Group charts for variables data ISO 8258a 6.25 X (Xbar) control chart, non-constant subgroup Group charts for variables data ISO 8258a 6.26 Group control chart To track large number of locations ISO 7870 (all parts) or process streams 6.27 Multi-variable control chart Monitor several characteristics ISO 7870-1 6.28 CUSUM control chart Control charts advanced for ISO/TR 7871 variables data 6.29 EWMA control chart Control charts advanced for ISO 8258a variables data 6.30 Manhattan diagram (control chart) Early response chart ISO/TR 18532 6.31 Adaptive control chart Control charts time series for ISO 8258a variables data 6.32 Bar control chart Descriptive statistics ISO 7870 (all parts) 6.33 Coefficient of variation Descriptive statistics 6.34 C ,C measured against specification limits Measurement of process capability ISO 22514 (all parts) p pk statistics 6.35 Histogram (frequency distribution) Descriptive statistics ISO 7870 (all parts) 6.36 Normality tests Descriptive statistics ISO 5479 6.37 Pie control charts (frequency distribution) Descriptive statistics ISO 7870 (all parts) 4 IS 15202 (Part 2) : 2012 ISO 11462-2 : 2010 Table 1 (continued) Element Statistical tool and technique Reference 6.38 P P for machine (or any other single factor of Descriptive statistics ISO 22514-3 m, mk production) 6.39 p p for process Descriptive statistics ISO/TR 22514-4 m, mk 6.40 Quantile plots or graph Descriptive statistics ISO 7870 (all parts) 6.41 Significance testing Inference ISO 2854 6.42 Analysis of variance, covariance and ANOVA Experimental design tools 6.43 Analysis of means (ANOM) Experimental design tools 6.44 Cause and effect diagram Investigation tool 6.45 Experimental designs Experimental design tools ISO/TR 29901 6.46 Evolutionary operation Experimental technique 6.47 Shainin: components search, variables search, Experimental design tools shainin product-process search, paired comparison, B vs. C. Multi vary analysis. 6.48 Box-and whiskers plot Exploratory data analysis 6.49 Check sheet Exploratory data analysis 6.50 Density trace (measles chart) Exploratory data analysis 6.51 Dot plot Exploratory data analysis 6.52 Scatter plot Exploratory data analysis 6.53 Stem-and-leaf plot Exploratory data analysis 6.54 Hypothesis testing Inference ISO 2854 6.55 Outlier tests (various) Inference 6.56 Repeatability and reproducibility analysis Measurement system analysis ISO 5725-1 ISO 5725-2 6.57 Calibration analysis Wear trend analysis 6.58 Discrimination analysis Measurement system analysis 6.59 Intermediate prediction analysis Measurement system analysis 6.60 Linearity analysis Measurement system analysis 6.61 Stability analysis Measurement system analysis 6.62 Cluster analysis Multivariate analysis 6.63 Discriminate analysis Multivariate analysis 6.64 Hotelling's T-squared chart Multivariate analysis 6.65 Principal component analysis Multivariate analysis 6.66 Regression analysis Regression diagnostics 6.67 Systems, design and process FMEA and FMECA Root cause analysis 6.68 Fault tree analysis (FTA) Root cause analysis 6.69 Five why's analysis Root cause analysis 6.70 Affinity diagram Relational tools 6.71 Control plan worksheet Relational tools 6.72 Cross-functional process mapping Relational tools 5