इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 13673-3 (1993): Expression of performance of electrochemical analyzers, Part 3: Electrolytic conductivity [ETD 18: Industrial Process Measurement and Control] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” 'lS13673( Part3): 1993 Indian Standard .<. EXPRESSIONOFPERFORMANCEOF ELECTROCHEMICALANALYZERS PART 3 ELECTROLYTK CONDUCTIVITY UDC 621.35435 : 543.133.08 6 BIS 1993 BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Sep temher 3991 Price poorG 8 cinortcelE gnirusaeM tnempiuqE lanoitceS ,eettimmoC DTL 21 FOREWORD sihT naidnI dradnatS was detpoda yb eht uaeruB fo naidnI Standards, retfa eht tfard dezilanif yb eht cinortcelE gnirusaeM tnempiuqE lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb eht scinortcelE and noitacinummoceleT noisiviD .licnuoC sihT standard is dednetni ot yficeps eht ,ygolonimret ,snoitinifed stnemeriuqer rof stnemetats yb -unam srerutcaf and ecnamrofrep stset rof ,srezylana rosnes units and cinortcele units desu rof eht -imreted noitan fo citylortcele ytivitcudnoc fo suoeuqa .snoitulos elihW gniraperp this standard ( traP 3 ,) assistance has neeb devired morf CEI buP 3-647 ( 198.5 ) noisserpxE‘ fo ecnamrofrep fo lacimehcortcele srezylana - traP 3 : citylortcelE ,’ytivitcudnoc issued yb eht lanoitanretnI lacinhcetortcelE noissimmoC ( CEI .) nI gnitroper eht stluser fo a tset ro sisylana edam ni ecnadrocca htiw this standard, fi eht lanif ,eulav devresbo ro ,detaluclac is ot eb dednuor ,ffo ti shall eb enod ni ecnadrocca htiw SI 2 : 1960 ‘ seluR rof gnidnuor ffo laciremun seulav ( revised )‘. IS 13673 ( Part 3 ) : 1993 Indian Standard EXPRESSIONOFPERFORMANCEOF ELECTROCHEMICALANAI_i.YZERS PART 3 ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY 1 SCOPE tI si lausu ot erusaem citylortcele ytivitcudnoc yb snaem of sllec tuohtiw a mrofinu ,noitces-ssorc ni 1.1 sihT dradnats syal nwod ecnamrofrep tests dna hcihw case the tneitouq A/l dluohs eb denimreted yb stnemeriuqer for stnemetats yb srerutcafunam of snaem of a ecnerefer noitulos of nwonk citylortcele ,srezylana rosnes stinu dna cinortcele stinu desu for the .ytivitcudnoc ehT tneitouq A/l si dellac the llec noitanimreted of citylortcele ytivitcudnoc of suoeuqa .tnatsnoc .snoitulos tA the edortcele secafrus noitaziralop anemonehp nac 2 REFERENCES rucco hcihw ecneulfni the derusaem .ytitnauq oT diova 2.1 The ifaidnI dradnatS detsil woleb si a yrassecen siht error, tnereffid gnirusaem sdohtem nac eb :deilppa tcnujda ot siht dradnats : 1) CA stnemerusaem htiw a ycneuqerf hgih IS No. eltiT hguone ot diova noitaziralop effects, 13673 (Part 1) : noisserpxE of ecnamrofrep of 2) ruoF edortcele stnemerusaem htiw ‘separated 1993 lacimehcortcele srezylana : tnerruc gnitropsnart dna laitnetop gnirusaem Part 1 lareneG ,sedortcele dna 3) evitcudnI or eviticapac stnemerusaem yb 3 DEFINITIONS gnilpuoc neewteb the citylortcele rotcudnoc 3.0 See 3 of SI 13673 (Part 1) : 1992 sulp thk .gniwollof dlia the lacirtcele gnirusaem tiucric hguorht 3.1 citrjlortcelE ecnatcudnoC evitcudnoc-non .aidem ehT tnerruc dedivid yb the laitnetop ecnereffid si nI each case the pihsnoitaler neewteb the citylortcele denifed as citylortcele ecnatcudnoc ni the case of cinoi ytivitcudnoc dna the derusaem tuptuo ytitnauq si -batse charge .tropsnart dehsil yb the llec .tnatsnoc G-i 3.3 Cell Constant of the Sensor Unit .4 ehT pihsnoitaler neewteb citylortcele ecnatcudnoc dna where citylortcele ytivitcudnoc si denifed yb the :noitauqe Z si the tnerruc hguorht ,etylortcele ni ;serepma .]&K-X G . ..(4) U si the laitnetop ecnereffid deilppa across the where sedortcele ni ;stlov dna x si the citylortcele ,ytivitcudnoc ni ;l-m.S G si the citylortcele .ecnatcudnoc G si the citylortcele ,ecnatcudnoc ni ;snemeiS ehT tinu of citylortcele ecnatcudnoc si the snemeiS (S). dna citylortcelE ecnatsiser si the lacorpicer of citylortcele K ce,l si the llec ,tnatsnoc ni l-m ni ecalp fo llec ecnatcudnoc htiw mho (S2) as the tinu of .tnemerusaem .ecnatcudnoc 3.2 citylortcelE ytivitcudnoC llecehT--ETON lliwtnatsnoc yllamron evah tnatsnoca eulav revo a detats egnar ees( 4.1). edistuO siht egnar ti citylortcelE ,ytivitcudnoc ylremrof dellac cificeps -noc dluohs eb detcepxe taht noitaziralop stceffe lliw ecudorp ,ecnatcud si denifed yb the :noitauqe .srorre 3.4 erutarepmeT tneiciffeoC ehT evitaler esaercni (or decrease) of the citylortcele where ytivitcudnoc of a noitulos per degree nivlek -arepmet erut .egnahc ehT erutarepmet tneiciffeoc si ylgnorts j si the cirtcele tnerruc ,ytisned ni ;,2bm.A dna tliedneped no the .noitacilppa E si the cirtcele dleif ,htgnerts ni .l-m.V ehT gniwollof noitauqe nac eb :deilppa ehT tinu of citylortcele ytivitcudnoc si .‘-m.S xt citylortcelE ytivitsiser si the lacorpicer of citylortcele . )S(.. ytivitcudnoc htiw stinu of mho retem (S2,). nI the case )fAu+l(=r’X of na citylortcele rotcudnoc of a mrofinu Anoitces-ssorc where dna Z dna na citylortcele ecnatcudnoc G (see 3.1). eW evah tx si the citylortcele ytivitcudnoc at erutarepmet ,I xc! ,xt, si the citylortcele ytivitcudnoc at a ecuerefer . ..(3) =A e&arepmet fr, IS 13673 ( Part.3 ) : 1993 tA si the erutarepmet ecnereffid t-tr, dna g) mumixaM egatloV ssorcA the .rosneS a si the erutarepmet .tneiciffeoc 4.3 Additional Statements on Complete Analyzers ehT tinu of erutarepmet tneiciffeoc si .l-K )a ytivitcudnoC gnirusaeM segnaR (Rated dna nI ,ecitcarp siht alumrof si yltneiciffus etarucca revo a .)evitceffE llams erutarepmet .egnar roF egral erutarepmet segnar )b ecnerefeR erutarepmeT for the .elpmaS ti si yllausu yrassecen ot add rehgih smret of a -onylop 4 erutarepmeT tneiciffeoc or erutarepmet -iffeoc ianim seires hcus as b 2)fA( + y #A( + . . . . . . . . ot -auqe tneic egnar desu ni the erutarepmet -asnepmoc noit (S), ot niatbo tneiciffus .ycarucca ehT egatnecrep .noit erutarepmet ,tneiciffeoc hcihw si the egatnecrep -aler jd tnemtsujdA egnaR for lleC .tnatsnoC evit noitaived per degree nivlek morf the ecnerefer eulav xt, si netfo desu so :taht e) citylortcelE ytivitcudnoc ro/dna noitisopmoc of noitulos desu for erutarepmet .noitasnepmoc =)%(a 100a . ..(6) 3.5 Common Mode Input Voltage 5 RECOMMENDED STANDARD VALUES AND RANGES OF INFLUENCE QUANTITIES Avoltage that si deilppa ot htob tupni slanimret at the AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF emas .emit ELECTRONIC UNITS 3.6 tupnI nommoC Mode noitcejeR oitaR (CMRR) See 5 of SI 13673 (Part 1) : 1993. ehT oitar of the tupni egatlov egnar ot the mumixam 6 VERIFICATION OF VALUES egnahc ni tupni offset egatlov revo siht .egnar See 6 of SI 13673 (Part 1 ) : 1993 sulp the .gniwollof 4 ERUDECORP ROF TNEMETATS 6.1 lareneG 4.0 See 4 of SI 13673 (Part 1) : 1993 sulp the :gniwollof gniruD stnemerusaem htiw erom naht eno test ,noitulos the ETON - pu-mraW emit tnemetats si ton deriuqer rof rosnes tinu tnemfaert debircsed ni 6.1.1 si ot eb desu :rof rosnes .stinu roF etelpmoc ,srezylana tnemetats no -mraw up emit srefer ylno ot cinortcele stinu dna si detadilav sa ytiraenil- error, fi ;elbacilppa ni SI 13673 traP( 1) : 1993. ytilibataeper- ;rorre 4.1 Statements on Sensor Units ytilibats- ;rorre dna )a lleC .tnatsnoC erutarepmet- effect no the rosnes .tinu )b erutarepmeT uoitasnepmoC ,egnaR fi -pa nehW gnisu a rosnes tinu of eno rerutcafunam dna na .elbacilp cinortcele tinu of rehtona ,rerutcafunam the cificeps test sdohtem for the cinortcele tinu llahs eb agreed nopu 4 epyT of erutarepmet noitasnepmoc ,metsys fi neewteb the resu dna the rerutcafunam of the cinortcele ,yna htiw lacirtcele scitsiretcarahc dna gnitimil .tinu .seulav 6.1.1 nI the denoitnem-evoba cases, the rosnes tinu 9( rehtehW hguorhT-wolF ,epyT noisremmI epyT llahs eb desnir lareves semit htiw water gnivah a -noc or other. e> ytivitcud elbigilgen nihtiw the rated gnitarepo ,egnar wolF ,egnaR ni the case of a hguorhT-wolF neht desnir htiw wen noitulos dna ylno neht llahs ti eb epyT rosneS .tinU desremmi ni a rekaeb dellif htiw fresh .noitulos sihT )f slairetaM ni tcatnoC htiw the elpmaS dna -taoC erudecorp llahs eb repeated each ,emit ni the tneve that gni of the sedortcelE .lleC lareves seires of stnemerusaem are .debircserp 13I erusserP gnikroW .egnaR nI the case of hguorht-wolf ,smetsys the noitacifirev of )h erutarepmeT gnikroW .egnaR seulav llahs eb deirrac tuo rednu wolf snoitidnoc as )j rosneS .snoisnemiD deificeps yb the .rerutcafunam 4.2 Additional Statements on Electronic Units 6.2 noitarbilnC Solutious aud Test Solutions roF noitarbilac ,snoitulos see xennA .A a) gnirusaeM .ycneuqerF )b erutarepmeT noitasnepmoC ,egnaR fi -pa roF test ,snoitulos see xennA .B .elbacilp 6.3 tseT Procedures lC epyT of erutarepmet noitasnepmoc tnemele of In eht esac fo laiceps snoitcailppa where these tests are the rosnes tinu ot hcihw the cinortcele tinu nac ton ,etairporppa tset serudecorp llahs eb deerga upon eb adapted. neewteb rerutcafunam dna .resu 4 ytilibissoP of tnemtsujdA for ecnerefeR 6.3.1 Operating Error erutarepmeT of the .elpmaS )e mumixaM elbawollA nommoC Mode tupnI See 6.7.1 of SI 13673 (Part 1) : 1993 .egatloV 6.3.2 Linearity Error (IfLinearity is Clainicd) fl tupnI nommoC Mode noitcejeR oitaR (CMRRJ 6.3.2.1 Sensor unit NOTE - tI seilppa ylno ni eht esac fo niatrec ruof gnisU na etairporppa cinortcele ,tinu mrofrep the test edortcele ytivitkcnoc xn guirust, .s~x~ys sa detaciJui ni 6.3.2.2. 2 IS 13673 ( Part 3 ) : 1993 6.3.2.2 Analyzer sgnidaer si reported.. The tosnes tinu si exposed ot at tsael evif noitarbilac 6.3.6 Delay Time (Tlo), Rise (Fall) Time (T,Tf), 90 snoitulos gnitneserper yletamixorppa ylmrofinu -sid Percent Time (Tw) detubirt ,setivitcudnoc gnidulcni yletamixorppa the These seitreporp are yllausu a noitcnuf of the ralucitrap muminim dna mumixam rated seulav for the .rezylana noitacilppa rather naht the .tnemurtsni Therefore, ti si ehT tsrif order tsael erauqs tif si detaluclac dna the elbasivda ot ngised the test ni enil htiw the noitacilppa mumixam noitaived morf the noisserger enil si -reted ni so far as .elbissop owT serudecorp are debircsed ni .denim sihT mumixam noitaived morf the noisserger xennA .C erudecorP A si preferred dna yrotagilbo fi enil si .denimreted sihT mumixam noitaived si the wolf sllec are .devlovh. ytiraenil error dna si expressed ni smret of egatnecrep 6.3.7 Input Common MO& Rejection Ratio* of the rated .egnar ylppA the stated mumixam nommoc edom tupni -tlov NOTE - roF snosaer fo ,ycneiciffe siht tset yam eb age, htiw respect ot earth, ot htob tupni slanimret of the denibmoc htiw eht tset rof ytilibataeper rorre ees( cinortcele tinu dna report the s’tnemurtsni tuptuo .eulav 6.3.3.2). nehT ylppa na tupni egatlov ot the tnemurtsni gnivig the 6.3.3 Repeatability Error emas tuptuo .gnidaer etaluclaC the RRMC as :swollof 6.3.3.1 Sensor unit V, gnisU na etairporppa cinortcele tinu mrofrep the test as RRMC = 02- gol iv . . . (7) detacidni ni 6.3.3.2. where 6.3.3.2 Analyzer F si the tupni ,langis ni ;stlov The resnes tinu si exposed yllaitneuqes ot test snoitulos gnitneserper as ylraen as elbissop the ,muminim the V, Si the mumixam nommoc edom tupni ;egatlov mumixam dna the muidem rated .seitivitcudnoc dna ehT speis are repeated xis semit no each test noitulos RRMC si the nommoc edom noitcejer ,oitar ni ni ,nrut at ecnerefer ,erutarepmet htiw on gnisnir -eb .slebiced neewt the xis ,sgnidaer at slavretni of tuoba net semit 6.3.8 Operating Period the s’tnemurtsni 90 tnecrep .emit ehT dradnats -aived The esoprup of siht erudecorp si ot test the .rezylana noit si detaluclac for each set of xis recorded seulav for rednu worst case .snoitidnoc each .noitulos ehT egareva of the three dradnats -aived ehT gnitarepo doirep sdneped yllareneg no the gnikrow snoit si detaluclac dna reported as ytilibataeper error. .snoitidnoc ,erofeiehT the test dluohs eb agreed nopu ehT erutarepmet of lla snoitulos dna the rosnes tinu neewteb the rerutcafunam dna the .resu dluohs eb the emas nihtiw *0.2OC dna reported gnola htiw the ytilibataeper error. 6.3.9 Cell Constant 6.3.4 Stability Error 6.3.9.1 Sensot unit 6.3.4.1 Sensor unit gnisU na etairporppa cinortcele ,tinu mrofrep the test as debircsed woleb : gnisU na etairporppa cinortcele ,tinu mrofrep the test as detacidni ni 6.3.4.2. ehT rosnes tinu si desremmi ni a noitarbilac noitulos at ecnerefer erutarepmet dna the derusaem ecnatcudnoc 6.3.4.2 Analyzer si reported. ehT llec tnatsnoc si detaluclac as :swollof The rosnes tinu si exposed ot test snoitulos gnitneserper as ylraen as elbissop the elacs-dim rated ytivitcudnoc GfdK GJ . . . eulav dna the detacidili eulav si recorded. sihT si repeated after the deificeps emit lavretni dna the where ytilibats error si detaluclac dna reported as a egatnecrep eulav ni smret of the rated .egnar ehT erutarepmret of K~I si the llec ,tnatsnoc ni ;l-m lla snoitulos dna the rosnes tinu llahs eb the emas X,, si the citylortcele ytivitcudnoc of noitarbilac nihtiw C“2.0* dna reported gnola htiw the ytilibats ,noitulos at ecnerefer ,erutarepmet ni ;l-m.S dna error. G si the derusaem citylortcele ecnatcudnoc ni 6.3.5 Output Fluctuation for theAnalyzer snemeiS roF siht test the rezylana tuptuo llahs eb deyalpsid no a SETON recorder htiw a 90 tnecrep emit ssel naht the 90 tnecrep 1 nI ,ecitcarp Siht tset si yrev netfo demrofrk yb emit of the .rezylna gnirapmoc eht detaluclac llec tnatsnoc htiw eht llec tnatsnoc fo a detarbilac .llec ehT rosnes tinu si exposed ot a elbats test noitulos 2 sihT tset llahs eb demrofrep at eht emas gnirusaem gnitneserper yletamixorppa the elacsdim ytivitcudnoc ycneuqerf dna mrofevaw sa era desu htiw eht .rezylana ,eulav at yna tnatsnoc erutarepmet nihtiw the rated egnar of elpmas ,erutarepmet for a doirep of 5 nim dna 6.3.9.2 Analyzer the mumixam peak ot peak eulav for the ,modnar or fI the rezylana has a dexif gnittes for the llec ,tnatsnoc raluger snoitaived morf the naem tuptuo si denimreted as a egatnecrep eulav ni smret of the rated .egnar ehT sihT* tset ylnoseilppa ni eht esac fo niatrec edortcele-ruof eudnoc test si repeated three semit dna the egareva of the ytivit gnirusaeln .smetsyS 3 IS 13673( Part 3) : 1993 the tnemurtsni gnidaer sevig yltcerid the citylortcele ehT two etats-ydaets detacidni seulav are reported, .ytivitcudnoc nI the case of a elbairav gnittes for the llec htiwgnola evitcepsereht .serutarepmet ,tnatsnoc siht si set ni hcus a noitisop that the gnidaer seulavehT deniatbo are desu ot etaluclac a erutarepmet sehctam the stated ytivitcudnoc of a noitarbilac -ulos ,tneiciffeoc after hcihw siht eulav si reported, together noit of a egnar-dim .ytivitcudnoc retfA that, two -saem htiw the stated eulav of the noitarbilac noitulos dna the stnemeru are edam htiw noitarbilac snoitulos gnirusaem .serutarepmet ehT erutarepmet tneiciffeoc si gnitneserper yletamixorppa the rewol dna reppu stimil detaluclac as :swollof of the rated egnar of ;esu ‘31 6.3.10 ‘Effect of Sample Temperature at _ J&I (G2 - . . . . (9) [xt,0 2 - Tdl sihT test si ylno elbacilppa ot ytivitcudnoc srezylana gnivah erutarepmet tneiciffeoc .noitasnepmoc where l&Z si the llec tnatsnoc of the rosnes ,tinu 6.3.10.1 Sknsor unirs ,iG 2G si the derusaem citylortcele secnatcudnoc at gnisU na etairporppa cinortcele ,tinu htiw elbitapmoc serutarepmet lt dna 2t ,ylevitcepser dna gnirusaem ,ycneuqerf mrofrep test as detacidni xt, si the citylortcele ytivitcudnoc of noitarbilac ni 6.3.10.2. noitulos at ecnerefer .erutarepmet 6.3.10.2 Analyzer fI the citylortcele ytivitcudnoc rezylana has a dexif The rosnes tinu si. desremmi ylevisseccus ni two -noc erutarepmet tneiciffeoc ,noitasnepmoc the noitaluclac sreniat dellif htiw a noitarbilac noitulos htiw a nwonk si edam as debircsed ,evoba dna the gnitluser eulav si erutarepmet tneiciffeoc (see 4.1.8). dedivid yb the stated erutarepmet tneiciffeoc of the ehT erutarepmet of the noitulos ni the tsrif reniatnoc noitarbilac noitulos dna deilpitlum yb 100, after llahs eb raen ot the muminim eulav of the rated -tarepo hcihw siht eulav si reported as egatnecrep erutarepmet gni egnar for the rosnes tinu dna the erutarepmet of the tneiciffeoc error. noitulos ni the dnoces reniatnoc llahs eb raen ot the fI the ytivitcudnoc rezylana has a elbairav erutarepmet mumixam eulav of the rated gnitarepo egnar for the tneiciffeoc ,gnittes the stated erutarepmet -asnepmod rosnes .tinu etauqedA gnirrits of the ,noitulos htiw a noit eulav of. the noitarbilac noitulos si set no the citengam-non ,ecived dna etauqeda noisremmi depth ,rezylana roirp ot the gnitset erudecorp .evoba ehT dna llew ecnaraelc for the rosnes tinu llahs eb derusne emas snoitaluclac are edam as htiw the dexif -arepmet ni each case. erut tneiciffeoc .noitasnepmoc ANNEX A (Clause 6.2) CITYLORTCELE YTIVITCUDNOC SEULAV FO MUISSATOP EDIROLHC NOITARBILAC *SNOITULOS Calibration Approximate Method of Preparation T ec> Conductivity Solution Concentration ’-m.S . - .lom(. )1-1 A 1 71.135 2 g of 1CK dehgiew 0 6.517 6 ni muucav per margolik 18 9.783 8 of 110itu10s 25 11,134 2 B 0.1 7.419 1 g of 1CK dehgiew ni 0 7.138 x i-01 muccav per margolik of 18 11.167 x l-01 noitulos 25 12.856 x l-01 C 0.01 0.745 3 g of 1CK dehgiew ni 0 7.736 x ’-ol muccav per margolik of 12.205 x 2-O1 noitulos : 14.088 x 2-o1 D 0.001 etuliD 100 lm of noitulos C 25 _ 14.693 x 3-O1 ot 11 at C°02 * Corrected for the conductivity of the water used to prepare the salutions. IS 13673 ( Part 3 ) : 1993 These detalubat ytivitcudnoc values are ni lanoitanretni each .noitulos .stinu roF the noitaraperp of the ,snoitulos muissatop edirolhc dezinoieD water, htiw a elbigilgen ytivitcudnoc -moc of lacitylana edalg llahs eb ,desu deird for at tsael 2 h pared htiw the stated ,eulav ylbareferp rewol naht 2 at 220% - .C°042 l-mc.sp at 25”c, llahs eb desu for the noitaraperp of Calibration Approximate Method of Preparation T(OC) Conductivity Solution Concentration ’-m.S .lom( )l-1 A 1 74.246 0 g of 1CK dehgiew ni 6.517 6 ria per ertil of noitulos 9.783 8 11.134 2 B 0.1 7.436 5 g of 1CK dehgiew ni ria 7.138 x l-01 per ertil of noitulos 11.167 x l-01 12.856 x l-01 C 10.0 0.744 0 g of 1CK dehgiew ni .ria 7.736 x *-ol per ertil of noitulos 12.205 x *-ol 14.088 *-01x D 0.001 etuliD 100 lm of noitulos C ot 11 14.693 x 3-O1 at C°02 ANNEX B (Clause 6.2) TEST SOLUTIONS Tables of the Resisiivity of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions (See selbaT 1,2 dna 3) ehT snoitartnecnoc are nevig ni thgiew/thgiew -rep Example; .egatnec tahW si the ytivitsisercificeps of a muidos edirolhc ehT selbat nac eb detrevnoc ot ytivitcudnoc selbat yb noitulos gniniatnoc 0.024 tnecrep lCaN at 63.4oC. gnitaluclac the slacorpicer of the nevig ytivitsiser .seulav ehT ytivitsiser at 18 OC = 2 342.6 ,mc elbaT 1 roF the noitaraperp of the ,snoitulos dezinoied water ehT eulav of bt at 63.4 Oc = 0.025 52, elbaT 2 llahs eb ,desu dna muidos edirolhc of lacitylana grade, deird for at tsael 2 h at .C’O42-C”O22 ehT noitartnecnoc corrected = 0, elbaT 3 for bt ehT detalubat seulav are for a erutarepmet of .C°81 seulaV for other serutarepmet nac eb detaluclac yb the ehT ytivitsiser :noitauqe ax 63’4 =cO l[ + 4.:;;3&20.0 - 18)] tR = [l + b::- 18)] = 1085.2 mc or 0.092 1 I-mS where b, si the erutarepmet tneiciffeoc elbaT( 2 -rac F or ht e ,tnemom on elbailer data are elbaliava for hgih rected yb elbaT 3). ytivitcudnoc test .snoitulos kroW si ni progress ot evlos ehT esu of the selbat si detartsulli ni the gniwollof siht .melborp :elpmaxe