इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 13557-6 (1992): Information processing systems-Vocabulary, Part 6: Preparation and handling of data [LITD 15: Data Management Systems] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 IS0 2382-6 : 1967 Indian Standard NOITAMROFNI GNISSECORP SMETSYS - YRALUBACOV PART 6 PREPARATION AND HANDLING OF DATA UDC 681’3’01 : 001’4 (B SIB 1992 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 November 1992 Price Group 4 Information Systems and Software Sectional Committee, LTD 33 NATIONAL FOREWORD This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 2382-6 : 1987 ‘Information processing - Vocabulary - Part 06 Preparation and handling of data’ issued by the International iyg%zation for Standardization ( IS0 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Information Systems and Software Sectional Committee ( LTD 33 ) and approval of the Electronics and Telecommunication Division Council. In the adopted standard certain terminolcgy and conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following: Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear, referring to this standard, they should be read as ‘Indian Standard’. The technical committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has reviewed the provisions of the’following IS0 Standards and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard: ISO/R ,639 Symbols for languages countries and authorities ISO/R 1087 Vocabulary of terminology ISO: Data processing - Vocabulary Only the-English language text of the International Standard has been retained while adopting it.in this..lndian Standard. IS 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 EXI 2382-6 : 1987 Indian Standard NOITAMROFNI GNISSECORP SMETSYS - YRALUBACOV PART 6 PREPARATION AND HANDLING OF DATA 0 rntroduction relevant to the field of information processing and identifies relationships between the entries. Information processing gives rise to numerous, international exchanges of both intellectual and material nature. These In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great definitions are drafted so as to avoid, as far as possible, any variety of terms used in various fields or languages to express peculiarity attached to a language. the Same concept, or because of the absence or imprecision of the definitions of useful concepts. This part of IS0 232 (which will comprise some twenty-six parts) deals in particular with input and output of data, transfer To aVoid misunderstandings and to facilitate such exchanges, and conversion methods and also with search techniques. it is essential to clarify the concepts, to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express the 2 Principles and rules followed same concept and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the various terms in different languages. 2.1 Definition of an entry This International Standard was initially based mainly on the usageto be found in the Vocabulaw of Information Processing, Section two comprises a number of entries. Each entry consists which was established and published by the International of a set of essential elements that includes an index number, Federation for Information Processing end the International one term or several synonymous terms, and a phrase defining Computation Centre, and in the American National Dictionary one concept. In addition, an entry may include examples, notes for Information Processing systems and its earlier editions, or illustrations to facilitate understanding of the concept. published by the American National Standards Institute (formerly known as the American Standards Association). Occasionally, the same term may be defined in different entnes, Published and draft International Standards r elating to informa- or two or more concepts may be covered by one entry, JS tion processing of other international organization s (such as the described in 2.5 and 2.8 respectively. International Telecommunication Union and the International Electrotechnical Commission) as well as published and draft Other terms such as vocabulary. concept, term and defini national standards have also been considered. tion, are used in this International Standard with the meanlnrl defined in ISO/R 1087, Vocabulary of terminology. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide defi- nitions that are rigorous, uncomplicated ,and which can be 2.2 Organization of an entry understood by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has been chosen to provide a definition that is suitable .lim ip Each entry contains the essential elements defined rn 2.1 for general application. In those circumstances, where a necessary, additional elements. The entry may c:ont&n rt~, restricted application is concerned, the definition may need to : following elements in the following order be more specific. However, while it is possible to maintain the self-consistency of a) an index number (common for dll languages In &lctl ; individual parts, the reader is warned that the dynamics of this International Standard is publ&ed) language and the problems associated with the standardization and maintenance of vocabularies may introduce duplications b) the term or the generally preferred term lrl 111t: and inconsistencies bebeen parts. language. The absence of a generally accepted term for the concept in the language is indicated by a symbol consisting (. ._ .) ; Section one : General of five points a row of dots may be used to indicate in a term, a wo;d to be chosen in each particular case; 1 Scope and field of application c) the preferred term in a particular cpuntry (identified ac cording to the rules of ISOIR 639. Symbols for larq~ages. This International Standard is intended to facilitate inter- countries and authorities) ; national communication in Information processing. It presents, in two languages, terms and definitions of selected concepts d) the abbreviation for the term 1 IS 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 IS0 2362-6 : 1967 e) permitted synonymous term(s) ; In some entries, the terms are followed by words in paren- theses in normal typeface. These words are not a part of the f) the text of the definition (see 2.4); term but indicate directives for the use of the term, its particular field of application, or its grammatical form. )lc one or more examples with the heading “Example(s)“; lh one or more notes specifying particular cases in the field of application of the concepts, with the heading 2.8 Use of brackets “NOTE(S)“; When several closely related terms can be defined by texts that i) a picture, a diagram, or a table which could be common differ only in a few words, .the terms and their definitions are to several entries. grouped in a single entry. The words io be substituted in order to obtain the different meanings are placed in brackets, i.e. I ,1 in the same order in the term and in the definition. In 2.3 Classification of entries order to avoid uncertainty regarding the words to be sub- stituted, the last word that according to the above rule could be A two-digit serial number is assigned to each part of this Inter- placed in front of the opening bracket is, wherever possible, national Standard, beginning with 01 for “fundamental placed inside the bracket and repeated for each alternative. terms”. The entries are classified in groups to each of which is assigned a four-digit serial number. The first two digits being those of 2.9 Use of terms printed in italic typeface in the part of this International Standard. definitions and use of asterisk Each entry is assigned a six-digit index number. The first four A term printed in italic typeface in a definition, an example, or a digits being those of the part of this International Standard and note is defined in another entry in this International Standard, the’g;oup. which may be in another part. However, the term is printed in italic typeface only the first time it occurs in each entry. In order that versions of this International Standard in various languages are related, the numbers assigned to parts, groups Italic typeface is also used for other grammatical forms of a and entries are the same for all languages. term, for example, plurals of nouns and participles of verbs. 2.4 Selection of terms and wording of definitions The basic forms of all terms printed in italic typeface are listed in the index at the end of the part (see 2.11 I. The selection of terms and the wording of definitions have, as far as possible, followed established usage. When there were An asterisk is used to separate terms printed in italic typeface contradictions, solutions agreeable to the majority have been when two such terms are referred to in separate entries and sought. directly follow each other (or are separated only by a punctua- tion sign). 2.5 Multiple meanings Words or terms that are printed in normal typeface are to be understood as defined in current dictionaries or authoritative When, in one of the working languages, a given term has seve- technical vocabularies. rat meanings, each meaning is given a separate entry in order to facilitate translation into other languages. 2.5 Abbreviations As indicated in 2.2, abbreviations in current use are given for 2.10 Spelling some terms. Such abbreviations are not used in the texts of the definitions, examples or notes. In the English language version of this International Standard, terms, definitions, examples, and notes are given in the spelling preferred in the USA. Other correct spellings may be used without violating this International Standard. 2.7 Use of parentheses In some terms, a word or words printed in bold typeface are placed between parentheses. These words are part of the com- 2.11 Organization of the alphabetical index plete term, but they may be omitted when use of the abridged term in a technical context does not introduce ambiguity. In the For each language used, an alphabetical index is provided ar text of another definition, example, or note in this International the end of each part. The index includes all terms defined in the Standard, such a term is used only in its complete form. part. Multiple-word terms appear in alphabetical order under each of their key words. 2 IS 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 IS0 2382-6 : 1987 Section two: Terms and definitions 06.02.(# output (data) Data being produced or to be produced by any component part of a computer. 06 Preparation and handling of data 06.02.05 06.01 General terms output (process) The process that consists of the production of data from any 06.01 .Ol component part of a computer. to read To obtain data from a storage device, from a data medium, or m.20.60 from another source. output (adjective) Pertaining to a device, process, or channel involved in an 06.01.02 ourput process, or to the associated data or stares. to write To make a permanent or transient recording of data in a storage NOTE - The word “output” may be used in place of “output data”, device or on a data medium. “output signal”, “output process” when such a usage is clear in a given context. ( N,OTE - The phases “to wad to” and “to read from” are often dIstInguished from the phrases “to write to” and “to write from” only 70.20.60 by the viewpoint of the description. For example, the transfer of a block of data from internal storage to external storage may be called input-output (adjective) “writing to the external storage” or “reading from the internal i/O (adjective) storage”, or both. Pertaining to a device, process, or channel involved in an input process and in an output process, concurrently or not, or to 06.01 3a their associated data or states. ot copy NOTE - The phrase “input-output” may be used in place of “input- To read * data from a source data medium., leaving the source output data”, “input-output signals”, “input-output process” when data unchanged, and to write the same data on a destination such a usage is clear in a given context. data medium that may differ from that of the source. : 06.02.08 Example To copy a file from a magnetic tape onto a magnetic data collection disk. The process of bringing data together from one or more points for use in a computer. 06.01.04 Example: To collect transactions generated at branch offices to duplicate by a data network foi use at a computer center. To copy from a source dara medium to a destination data medium that has the same physical form. Example: To copy a file from a magnetic tape to another 06.02.09 magnetic tape. data entry The process of purting data onto a machine-readable medium. 06.02 Input and output Example: To enter data to a payroll file on a flexible disk from a terminal. 06.02.01 input (data) Data being received or to be received by any component part of 06.02.10 data acquisition a computer. The process of collecting and entering data. 06.02.02 input (process) 06.03 Transfer and conversion The process that consists of the reception of data by any com- ponent part of a computer. [email protected] t0 transfer t0 move TO send data from one storage location to another. 06.02.03 input (adjective) Pertalntng ro a devick, process, or channel involved in an input 08.03.02 process. or to the associated daala or states. block transfer “mput” may The process of transferring one or more blocks of data in one NOTE The word be used in place of “input data”. operation. “lnpllr Wjnal”, “input pruce~s” when such a ~~saqe is clear in a given NOTE - A ,block transfer can be done with or without erasing data from the orlczlnal location. 3 IS 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 IS0 2382-6 : 1987 06.03.03 06.03.13 to load to unpack To transfer “data into storage device or working registrers. To recover the original form of the data from packed data. 40.30.50 to transform 06.a3.14 To change the form of data according to specified rules, to compress without fundamentally changing the meaning of the data. to compact To reduce the space taken on a data medium by encoding or removing repetitive characters. 06.03.05 to translate To change a portion of a program expressed in one program- 06.03.15 ming language into another programming language or into to expand some other.representation suitable for execution. To return compressed *data to their original form. 60.30.60 08.04 Searches to convert To change the representation of data from one form to 10.40.50 another, without changing the information conveyed. search The examination of one or more data elements of a set to find : ; ; ot Examples Code conversion radix conversion analog digital those elements that have a given property. conversion; media conversion. 20.40.60 search cycle The sequence of events of a search that is repeated for each 06.03.07 data element. to transliterate To convert *data ‘character by character. 30.40.60 search key 06.03.08 A key used for data retrieval. to encode to code 40.40.50 To convert “data by the use of a code in such a manner that dichotomizing search reconversion to the original form is possibl e . A search in which an ordered set of data elements is partitioned into two mutually exclusive parts, one of which is rejected; the process is repeated on the accepted part until the search is 06.03.09 completed. to decode To convert *data by reversing the effect of some previous encoding. 60.40.60 binary search A dichotomizing search that processes sets of an equal number 05.03.10 of data elements, or in case of an odd number of elements in to transcribe the initial set, allows for one set to contain one additional To copy ‘data from one data medium to another, converting element. them as necessary for acceptance by the receiving medium. 60.40.Ec 06.03.11 Fibonacci search to pack A dichotomizing search in which the number of data elements To convert “data to a compact form in a storage medium by in the set is equal to a Fibonacci number or is assumed to be taking advantage of known characteristics of the data and of equal to the next higher Fibonacci number and then It each the storage medium, in such a way that the original form of the step in the search the set of elements is partitioned in accord- data can be recovered. ance with the Fibonacci series. Example: To make use of t/b or hvre locations that WOIIM NOTES otherwise remain unused. 1 The s8rvx 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc. in which each ekmflnt IS the sum of the two prscedrna rerms, IS a Fibonaccl series 06.03.12 2 Fibonacci search has an advantage over hrn~ry reerch m slghrly reducing average movement of a sequuntiallv accessed rlnfa med~m packing such as a rrreynefrc laps 4 Is 13557 ( Part 6 ) : 1992 Iso 2382-6 : 1987 70.40.80 06.cu.07 scanning to merge The systematic examination of data. To combine the items of two or more sets of data that are in the same given order into one set in that order. 08.w.08 linear search sequential search A search in which a set of dara is scanned in a sequential 06.0508 manner. to collate To arrange two or more sets of data into a single one according 06.04.09 to a predetermined order. chained list search linked list search 06.05.03 A search that uses a chained list. collating sequence A specified drrangement resulting from collaring. 06.04.10 tree search In a tree StrUCtUre. a search in which it is possible to decide, at 06.06 Preparation of data each Step, which part of the tree may be rejected without a further search. cJ6.06.01 to edit 06.04.11 To prepare data for a later operation. hash table search A search in which the storage location of a desired data NOTE - Editing may include the rearrangement, the addition or element is derived from a hash table, and an appropriate pro- modification of data, the deletion of unwanted data, former control, cedure is followed in case of an address collision. code ‘conversion, and the application of standard processes such as zero suppression. 06.05 Ordering, sorting and collating 06.06.02 06.66.01 to extract to order To select and remove from a group of items those which meet To place items in an arrangement in accordance with specified specific criteria. rules. 06.06.03 06.05.02 mask order A pattern of characters that is used to control the retention or A specified arrangement resulting from order ing. elimination of portions of another pattern of characters. NOTE - In contrast to a sequence. an order need not be tinear, for example the ordering of a hierarchy of items. 08.og.w to clear mX6.w To cause one or more storage locations to be set in a prescribed to sequence state, usually that corresponding to zero or that corresponding To place items in an arrangement in accordance with the order to the space character. of the natural numbers. NOTE - Methods or procedures may be specified for mapping other 08.0606 natural linear orders onto the natural numbers: then, by extension. to. zerofill sequencing my be, for example, alphabetic or chronological. To fill unused storage locations with the representation of the character denoting zero. 06.05.04 sequence 0%.38.(38 A series of items that have been sequenced. to justify To shift the contents of a registrer so that the character at the 06.0505 specified end of the date is at a particular register position. indeit A list of the contents of a file or of a document, together with 06.06.07 keys or references for locating the contents. to left-justify [right-justify] TO justify to the left Irightl. 06.05.06 to sort To segregate items into groups according to specified criteria 06.CkoB without necessarily ordering the items within each group. zero suppression The elimination of non-significart zeros from a numeral. 5