IRAN UNDER AOLCLCIUEPDA TION INW ORLDW AR II TheB ridtgoVe i ct&o rALy a nodf F amine MohammGahdo Mlaij d UniversPirteys osf A merica,® Inc. Lanham·B oulde·r NewY ork· TorontPol·y moutUhK, Copyrigh2t0©1 6b y UniversPirteyso sfA merica,® Inc. 450F1o rbBeosu levard Sui2t0e0 LanhaMma,r yl2an0d7 06 UP AAc quisDietpiaornts(m 3e0n41t5) 9 -3366 UniAt,W hitaMcreew s2,6 -S3t4a nnSatrreye t, LondSoE1n 1 4 ABU,n itKeidn gdom Alrli tgrshe served Prinitnte hdUe n itSetda teAsm eorfic a BritLiisbhrC arayt aloignPi unbgl icIantfioornmA avtiaoinl able LibroafCr oyn grCeosnstrN oulm be2r0:1 6930753 ISBN9:7 8-0-761(8c-tl6h7ob3o8:u-a n8ldp ka.p er) eISB9N7:8 -0-7618-6739-5 S™T hpea puesre idnt hpiusb licmaeteittohsmne i nimum requireomfAe mnetrsiN caatni oSntaaln dfaoIrrnd f ormation Sciences-PeromfPa anpefenorcPr er inLtiebdr Maartye rials, ANSZI3 9.48-1992 Dedaitced Mteom oyto rhfAe s ghMaarho ljui9 2(011-)42 0 Contents Chap1t eIrn troduction 1 Chap2t eFre arS vooifMe its cihniN eofr thIerraannnt dh e TripaTrratetioytfA e l liance 6 Chap3t eSroh eiClabyi n,Re utptwuirtJeha p,a nand ExtenosfLi eonnLd e-atsoe Iran 42 Chap4t eIrr anAipapnea anlBdsr itCiousnht eraicnt ions Washington 64 Chap5t eCru rreyna cnd ExcDhiasnpwguiettB ehr itain anPda uyco ift ROeivle nues 90 Chap6t eTrh Ter anspoCrrtiaastniidso Ents htea blishment ofR oaTdr ansBpoorardt 190 Chap7t eIrr ant haMeni dd dElaesS tup plCye tner 133 Chap8t eTrh Mei ddElaesS tu ppClenyt aenrtd h e TyphVuasc cine 186 Chap9t eTrh Seu pployfP harmaceaunStdui gc:aa rls CasSet udiinte hsFe u nctioofMn EiSnCg 138 Chap1t0eI rn folfuPxo i lsRhe fugfereoRsmu ssia 206 Chapt1e1rT hAem eriRceaCdn ro sasn Idr an 222 Chap1t2eD re epeCnriisnaigns Wd e akenoifSn ohge ily Government 254 Chap1t3eA rp piontmoefQna tv aamn Rdi siFnrgi cwtiitohn thBer itish 261 Chapt1e4rR enewFeidn anDcsiipaualtn eTd r irptaite FooDde lcaration 292 Chap1t5eT re hrBarne Raido ts 334 Chap1t6eF ra ollfQ avama nRde -AopipntomefSno ethi ly 353 Chapt1e7rA nglo-AmEexrcihcaanngA emse raincda n ViewosnB ritPioslyhii nIc ran 369 vi Contents Chap1t8eA rm erni-caIanriRaenl atainAodmn esr iPcoalyn i c onI ran 403 Chap1t9eR ru ssPioalynii ncI r:aP norpgaanadnaPd r essu4r2e8 Chap2t0e Rru ssPiolayina c nCdo dnitiionAnz sea riabjna nd Khroassan 451 Chap2t1eA rl lFiaeidl tuoDr eel iWvheerao tnT ime 47 7 Chap2t2e Trh Fea mionf1e 49 219-4:3 DAo cumaerAnyct cuon5t 27 Chap2t3e Trh Tey phEupsi de:m DiAoc ucmnetaArcyc oun5t6 3 Chapt2e4r T riUbparli sainndg Sstp hree aCdhaionsg 587 Chapt2e5r B ritish-EAxmcehraiancngaMdene s m oarnda onI ran aTnedh rDtaehnce l aration 600 Chap2t6e Art temaptRte sv iovfDa iclt atorship 622 Chap2t7e Arn otLhooemri Fnagm ianneAd c titooAnv se Irtt 641 Chap2t8e Trh Aen glo-AmNea rtiaecnsEad vn sa ioonf CommitmetnoIt rsa n 678 Chap2t9e Ar M althuCsaitraaonsp t:Th ehe TolFla mfrionme anDdi sease 689 Index 693 AbotuhtAe u thor 741 Chapter 1 Introduction Havienxgp erioecuncpcaetdai nofadnm inienW olrdW arI I,r aenn ­ duraes di milairnW ofartlWeda r TIhIte.w Woo rlWdar tsh us infltievcda sstu fferointn hgpe e opolfIe r :a nsahso winna p revious stuadtyl le a8s1-t0m illdiioeondfs tarovnaa ntddii seianWs oer Wladr Ia,n ,da ss howinnt hsitsu ,da ynot4hm eirl lIiroann siuaffnesr ed the samfaet ienW olrdW arI. II na l,1l -21m4i llIiroannp iearnisis nth heed twwoo rwladr, vs ictoifsm tsa trivaoanndd i sse.eIa r'apsno puliant ion 1494( 21m iolnlw)ia tsh sea maes1 090, iannd ictahtaito nhn aeala fr ly centoufpr oypl autgiroonwh tahbd e ewni poeudt tdou eaw nafadrm i,n e ac asttaprhooefM althupsroiorapnt. i ons Givtehnie m portoafn cIert ahnoe n alysye ar-raondu nmdto hset secure rsouutptope l sRyiu aasn,ad s t hper incsuiorpcaoelff uteolt he Allaireimde, is itds i ffictuosl ethe o wI rcaonu hladve es caipnevda sion anodc ucpiaotnT.h2ce r itiimcptaoalrn ocfIe r anoiiwalan s further en­ hancbeytd h leso so ft hIen ndeosainaBdnu rmoeisfilee ltdoJs a paannd the rapiadd vGaenrcmea tnth Boeaw kafuri de.sBl edcsauosfie to si l and itfsu ncatsis ounp ply rou,tI er awtnao sd uRbubtsehsd"ei Br aidtgoe Vict"o3O rfyt .h1 e7 2mV illtiooonnsfl ends-esl uepapsleinets sti,oa Rus nearmliyl l5ti oonns vwiIearn ,at nmatkhi"eneP gr sCioarnro irdt"h e secomnodsi tm ptoarinntt e rmtso nonf.Ha ogweeevrt,hP ee rsCiorarni ­ dowra sst rategmiocsaitlml pryot artnohtueb t eec aoufis tpesr oxyit moi t thtei tbaantitbcle geiw sna geidns outRhuesrsnTi hade.e civsiicvyte o r atS taliinn1g 49r2a-da4 n3d stuhbes eoqnueesn tw erpeso simbabydl ee Ameriaciaddne livveiIrare .a4d n Afttehroe c ucpatoifto hnce o nut,rG yreat aBnrRdiu tsasciionam ­ mandeeneraerdal loylfI r'astnr ucaknsd bausws eelislt r sal iwa,y s 2 Iarn unAdlelriO ecdcp uatiionWn o rlWdar I I seiazletldhf eo otdh ecyo ulladty h ehiarno dn,sa nbdr ouignth etno sf thousoafPn oldisrs ehf ugeeRsu sfstrihoaem,r eby asc ervefeaoortdei, n g trapnorsats w elalsa p ubhleiaccl rtih.Ps riesvebnytR iuosnso ifga r ain shipmfernottmh e norreitgnohs,ee rsnp ecAizaelrjlbnaya,t i o Tehran hacdr eaats eedr iboruessah dro taignte h cea p.iG tiavltehnle i mitations ofI r'apsnor t iannldta rnadn sspyosrt,ite m mptoirsnugl pipfeosIr r an couolndlb yea ccompaltti hseehx epde onfas ietd oR ussIinra e.s ponse toI ranpilaefnao hsre ,lt phAel lied hpacodow memristt hteemds ienl ves formtarylea antsdo ledmelnca roan,tsi incluodnbieyn t ght eh ree Allied heaodfss t a,tt he"ahttem inimnueme" do sft hIer anianw opuebloedp le metA.st h1e49 2-fa4m3i naen tdy pheupsi deimnidci, ct ahAtele lies falietdod eleirIv.nS eepmtb1e4r9 4m,o eroevrc,i ttihniegm preattiov e asstihnseet w lliyab teecrdo untorfEi uerpsoe,a nsde izoinsn ogmfl ei msy exsc,eut hAel lipeowde hraswd i ggolueotdf t heoibrl igtaost hiiopn whetaotI r,at nhseoe lmn TeDhercalna rbayRt ooisoeenlv, St taalnidn ChurchoinDl ecle mb1e,1r49 3,n otwintdhi.snF tgoartu,nt ahtaeep l­y proacehnidnt gho ef wari mapnrdo dvtoeehmdse t tirca nsposrittaut­ion atihoanrd e ndwehreesadht i pmteoIn rtuasnn necessary. Painfauwlaolrfyew hahta hdpa pneedt hteoim nW olrdW arI a,n d terraitf istephcdeet o efars imiclaalra imnWi otyrW ladr I It,hI er anian peohpalfdeo utgoha tv oair de pieotTnih.tve i olbernertai doi tnTs e hran anidn o thteorw ,nt shsep reacdhianaognst d h ter iubparli sings during 1492-w4e4rm ea nifesotfta htiisog nlss.Fet eraurgaic nogl loaftp hsee Irangioavne rnamnecdno ten,rc nfeodtr h sea feotfty h mea isnu pply routtoRe u ssainsado urocffe u feoltr h efiorr, ct ehAsel lpioewde irns thfael olf1 493h atda ksetnet poas s sIirsaatnn d thhauds prevented an extenosfti hfaoemn i nien tthote h iyred,aa rs hiahtdpa pneedW oilrnd WarI . Altmhiolulgdihio en4dt hfaiemn i noef1 492-,4 3tbhye riers is­ tantchIeer anianh appdre eovpelance ta eldyas miimtitlota hora fWt o rld WarI .I nt hesitrr ufgogsrlu er av,lit vhehya fdo usnydm patahnedt ic heluplff rieinnd pste hres ooftn hsAe m eriMcianni tsoIt re,arL n ouGi.s Dreuys,fJ r( 188919-37,)a nhdi wsie f,G raDcreey fus. WorlWda rI IF amiinnIe r an Havisnhgel di gohntt hG er eFaatm ionf1e 9 -1179i1nap9 r evbiookou,s thsitsu adiymt soc o mpetl heet bsyte oxraym itnhien gc aucsoenss ea­nd quenocfte hsIe r aniano f1fa 49m2i19-n4e.3T hfea miinsde e scriinb ed thceo ntoeftx htpe ol itaincddai lp altohimics yt oofIr radnu ritnhgi s Intrdouction 3 peiro.d Tshteui dsry o eodt tihbnee leixepfr ebsyts heleda etceo nomic hist,oC rhiaarPnlheisIl sispa( 9w1i1 60-0)20t,h tahtbe e wsatyt os tudy thpeol it,si cociaaalnled c oniochm istotrhMyei dodfEl aesi ts etxoa m­ inper irmyda oucmen.Tt hsisst uidsby a soend UStSa Dteepr atment arch,it vhreees coorftd hsUe S M itlairIyn tellDivigiesnpiceoern t aining toI ra(nMI DI-ra,rn e)rptoosft hOeff icoefS tratSeegrivci( cOeS,sS ) and rtehrpeto ss eovfeB rrailti insthe llaiggeentnchciwaeeet sr e active in thMei ddElaesi tnW olrdW arI ,Io fw hitchhCe om binIendt elligence CentIrrea qI C)w(I aCsp osstihbmelo ysp tr iofil.cT hwee alotfdh ou c­ mentaitnti hoesnsuo er cheases n balemdet ot ellu ntthsoetl odor fty h e WorWladr I faIm inienI r.aT nhbeo obke gwiintsth h e oonfos cuecpta ­ toin Sienep mtb1er9 4an1td a kuests h rough N1o49v4we hmesbnie grn s ofi mproevceodn ocmoincd iwteiroveni ssl, iet bhfaem inhea edn d,e d and ttyhpehe upsi dewamrsice ce d.iA nsg tdhoec umaetentst,dts e spite thvea lieafnftoo rftt hAse d minisGternaeotrfoFa riln n ca,eA srthCu.r Millspaanhudi gtshe aomfA m eriacsasni s,rt eaianmltp srovehmaedn ts onlcyo me twhiaetp hp roaecnhodift n hge .Ww iatrAhl lviiecdyt i onr sihgta,n hda visnhga kefnma ion,fIe fr haanid m medifaatceaecl dry i sis witihtn so rtnheehirbgno orv er Rduesmsaifnaodnar n o iclo ensscion and Atzheaeria bjnc riosf1i 49s5 -.T4 h6ese are sbceoypotehn edo ft he pressetnuatdn ymd e rais tea prattree ant.tm e Othceoru ntirnicelsuI dnid,nCi ghai n,aa nId nad-iCnhaal so suf­ ferfeadm iinnWe o lrdW arI. I T1h49e2 -B4e3n gfaamli nienw hi3c-h5 millIinodnid aineisdsp e rhtahpbese sknto ,wa nncde rtatihmneol syt discuisnts hleeid t e.r a2tA0 u1srt0eu bdlya mtehBser itainWsdih n ston Churchiinpl alr ti5c Iuncl oanrt.tr haesirtnse, om enotnii nt hlei terature oft hIer anfaimainnw eh i,ca hftael,rhl acdo ciindweidt h Betgnhael fmain,ae nidn w hiacshm anIyr aniamnisol-nl4-i hdaeidd F.o irn ­ stnac,e hai gphrlayi 2s02e1b do koo nt hset rartoeolgffei o co idn lWdo r WarI dIe votess pmatucoce h Bt ehnega anTldo nk(iIdnna -hiCnfaa)m ­ inesd osben uotmt e nitoInr .a6 I nnt haep penidnadnaettx etnhodeft he boko,t heirnseo e tv eanne ntfroy"rr I a"no r" ePrs"iI.act o ntmauicnhs informoantt hiaeom no uonflt e neda-sfleo osdh iptpoRe udss i,ba unto menitoonft hreo ubtye sw htihcaihisw d a sd eleir.veG divtehnta hte authiosar c quainted wdiitpmhla ottaihrcec h,Bia rvniedts igsihv en the laragmeo uonfct o rrespboentdwetenhecene FoOrfefaiingctdneh Set ate Depratmeonvtet rhf eo osdi tuianIt ri,aom nno sotfw hiicsh giintv heins stuidityds ,i ifcfutlot betlhisaehtrve ee m aiunneadwo aftr hefe a miinne IraMno.r eohveedrre ,s croiftph tMeii odndE laeSs tu pypC lent(MeErS C)