IPTVDeliveryNetworks IPTV Delivery Networks NextGenerationArchitecturesforLiveand Video-on-DemandServices Editedby SulimanMohamedFati FacultyofInformationTechnologyandScience,INTIInternational University,Malaysia SaifulAzad FacultyofComputerSystems&SoftwareEngineering,University MalaysiaPahang,Malaysia Al-SakibKhanPathan CSEDepartment,SoutheastUniversity,Bangladesh Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 ©2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowto obtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofSulimanMohamedFati,SaifulAzad,Al-SakibKhanPathantobe identifiedastheauthorsoftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedin accordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdataappliedfor ISBN:9781119397915 CoverdesignbyWiley Coverimage:©RobertDaly/GettyImages Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ‘Tomyparents,whoseutmosteffortsandprayersarealwayswithme Tomybelovedwife,andmykids–SuhailandSama’ SulimanMohamedFati ‘Tomybelovedlatefather,forhisconstantencouragement, loveandbelief’ SaifulAzad ‘Tomytwolittledaughters–RumaysaandRufaida’ Al-SakibKhanPathan vii Contents ListofContributors xvii EditorBiographies xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgement xxvii PartI IPTVDeliveryNetworksFundamentals 1 1 IPTV:DeliveringTVServicesoverIPNetworks 3 SulimanMohamedFatiandPutraSumari 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 InternetProtocolTelevision 4 1.3 EvolutionofTVtoIPTV 6 1.3.1 IPTVServices 7 1.3.2 IPTVStandardisation 8 1.3.3 GeneralArchitectureofIPTV 9 1.4 IPTVDeliveryNetwork 10 1.5 EvolutionoftheDeliveryNetwork 11 1.5.1 IPTVDeliveryNetworkCharacteristicsandChallenges 15 1.6 TheKeyIssuesofIPTVDeliveryNetworks 17 1.7 Conclusion 18 References 19 viii Contents 2 IPTVStreamingClassification 25 MiguelMasciopinto,PedroComesaña,andFernando Pérez-González 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Framework 29 2.2.1 IPTVDescription 30 2.2.2 IPTVBitrateFootprint 32 2.3 ClassificationScheme 33 2.3.1 SVMClassifier 36 2.4 ExperimentalSetup 36 2.4.1 DatabaseConstruction 37 2.4.2 Training/TestSet-Partitioning 38 2.4.3 ClassificationPerformanceMeasures 41 2.5 ExperimentalResults 44 2.5.1 TSSvs.OFSClassification 45 2.5.2 TSSTernary(DVDvs.DVB-Svs.DVB-T)Classification 47 2.5.3 TSSBinary(DVB-Svs.DVB-T)Classification 50 2.5.4 OFSBinary(DVB-Svs.DVB-T)Classification 53 2.5.5 RelevanceoftheUsedStatistics 55 2.6 Conclusions 59 Acknowledgement 60 References 60 3 EfficientIPTVDeliveryoverEPON 65 AliAkbarNikoukar,I-ShyanHwang,andAndrewTannyLiem 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 BroadbandAccessNetworkTechnologies 67 3.3 LiveIPTVDeliveryoverEPON 76 3.3.1 HardwareArchitecture 78 3.3.2 MulticastProtocolDesign 80 3.3.3 Pre-requestBroadcastingMechanism 81 3.3.4 Performanceevaluation 85 3.4 Conclusions 88 References 88 4 ContentAwarenessinIPTVDeliveryNetworks 93 SulimanMohamedFatiandPutraSumari 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 TheKeyChallengesinIPTVDeliveryNetworks 97 Contents ix 4.2.1 RequestDistributionAlgorithmsinIPTVDelivery Networks 97 4.2.2 CostReductioninIPTVDeliveryNetworks 102 4.2.2.1 ReplicaPlacementSchemesinIPTVDelivery Networks 103 4.2.2.2 ResourceAllocationSchemesinIPTVDelivery Networks 105 4.3 ContentStatusIssueinIPTVDeliveryNetworks 108 4.3.1 UnawarenessofContentStatusinReplicaPlacement Schemes 109 4.3.2 UnawarenessofContentStatusinRequestDistribution Algorithms 110 4.3.3 UnawarenessofContentStatusinResource Allocation 110 4.4 IPTVContentStatusModelling:ANewDirection 111 4.4.1 IPTVContentStatusModelling 112 4.4.2 ExperimentalResults 114 4.5 Conclusion 118 References 119 PartII QoSandQoEforIPTVDelivery Networks 127 5 ZappingDelayReductioninIPTVSystems 129 AlirezaAbdollahpouri 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 AReviewoftheExistingStudies 131 5.2.1 ReduceI-FrameAcquisitionDelay 131 5.2.1.1 UseAdditionalStream 131 5.2.1.2 InsertingExtraI-FramesandReductionintheSizeof GOP 132 5.2.2 Prediction-BasedMechanisms 133 5.2.3 TechniquesBasedonScalableVideoCoding 134 5.2.4 TechniquesBasedonIGMPSchemes 134 5.3 Prediction-BasedPrejoiningMethodinWiMAX Networks 136 5.3.1 ModellingtheBehaviourofaSingleIPTVUser,Duringan ONSession 137 5.4 PerformanceEvaluation 142 x Contents 5.5 FutureDirectionsforResearch 146 5.6 Conclusion 147 References 147 6 Channel-ZappingTimeinIPTV:Challengesand Solutions 151 SajjadZare,SeyyedMohammadHosseiniVerki,andAkbar GhaffarpourRahbar 6.1 Introduction 151 6.1.1 IPTVNetworkInfrastructure 151 6.1.1.1 BasicIPTVSystem 152 6.1.1.2 IPMulticastinIPTVArchitecture 153 6.1.1.3 P2PIPTVArchitecture 153 6.1.2 BusinessModels 154 6.1.2.1 FreetoAir(FTA) 154 6.1.2.2 PPV 155 6.1.2.3 Subscription 155 6.1.2.4 ALaCarte 155 6.2 ChallengesinChannel-ZappingTime 155 6.2.1 Jitter 156 6.2.2 LimitedBandwidth 156 6.2.3 ElementsofZappingDelay 156 6.3 ProposedMethodsforReducingChannel-Zapping Time 158 6.3.1 Client-BasedMethods 158 6.3.1.1 Pre-JoiningNeighbouringChannels 158 6.3.1.2 TrackingUserBehaviour 159 6.3.1.3 OrderingPre-JoinChannelsintheList 161 6.3.2 Content-BasedMethods 163 6.3.3 Network-BasedMethods 167 6.3.3.1 ImprovingZapResponseTimeforIPTV 169 6.3.3.2 ANovelChannelSwitchingScenarioinMulticastIPTV Networks 169 6.3.3.3 IGMPforIPTVServicesinPassiveOpticalNetworks 170 6.3.3.4 ImplementationofEIGMPforFastIPTVChannelChange inGEPON 171 6.3.3.5 AdvancedSchemetoReduceIPTVChannel-Zapping Time 172 6.3.4 HybridMethods 172 Contents xi 6.3.4.1 AnEffectiveIPTVChannelControlAlgorithmConsidering Channel-ZappingTimeandNetworkUtilisation 172 6.3.4.2 MulticastInstantChannelChange(ICC)inIPTV Systems 174 6.3.4.3 IPTVChannelSwitchingDelayReductionThrough PredictingSubscribers’BehavioursandPreferences 175 6.3.5 Programme-BasedMethods 176 6.4 Discussion 177 6.5 Summary 180 References 180 7 DeliveringHigh-DefinitionIPTVServicesover IP-BasedNetworks 185 SeongikHong 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 HDVideoCompression 188 7.2.1 IssuesforHDVideoTransmission 188 7.2.1.1 Issue1:LargeBandwidthRequirements 188 7.2.1.2 Issue2:QoS 189 7.2.1.3 Issue3:NetworkResponsiveness/InstantChannel Change 189 7.2.2 Solutions 190 7.2.2.1 Solution1:SolvingLargeBandwidthRequirements 190 7.2.2.2 Solution2-1:QoS:ProtocolsandNetworks 192 7.2.2.3 Solution2-2:QoS:ReducingPacketLoss 194 7.2.2.4 Solution3:SolvingInstantChannelChangeIssue 197 7.3 FutureTrends 198 7.4 Conclusion 199 References 199 8 IPTVNetworkSecurity:Threatsand Countermeasures 203 M.S.A.NomanRanak,SaifulAzad,B.M.F.KamalRuhee,N.Nourin Nisa,NazrulKabir,MohammedMostafizurRahman,andKamalZ. Zamli 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 ThreatsonIPTVDeliveryNetworks 204 8.2.1 TheftorAbuseofNetworkAssets 206 8.2.2 TheftofService 206