INVENTORY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN AREA OF WYOMING YEAR TWO PROGRESS REPORT, 2009 Prepared by: Wendy Estes-Zumpf, Zoologist Hannah Griscom, Zoologist Doug Keinath, Senior Zoologist Wyoming Natural Diversity Database University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Ave // Department 3381 Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Prepared for: Bill Ostheimer & the Aquatic Task Group BLM Buffalo Field Office 1425 Fort Street Buffalo, Wyoming 82834 February 2010 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 5 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 5 METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 6 Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 6 Survey Protocols ................................................................................................................... 7 Tiger Salamander Mortality .................................................................................................. 9 Chytrid Analyses ................................................................................................................... 9 RESULTS & DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 9 2009 Survey Results............................................................................................................... 9 Species Results .................................................................................................................... 12 Tiger Salamander Mortality ................................................................................................ 14 Chytrid Analyses ................................................................................................................. 14 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 15 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................................... 16 TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................................................................ 17 Table 1. Species of amphibians and reptiles expected to occur in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming ......... 17 Table 2. List of acronyms for species names used in tables and figures.......................................................... 18 Table 3. Results from nocturnal call surveys for breeding amphibians conducted in the Powder River Basin from 22 May – 6 June, 2009 .......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 4. Comparison between vehicle mortality rates documented for the same 1-mile stretches of road ........ 19 Table 5. Water quality characteristics for sites found to contain amphibians during riparian and lentic Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) in the Powder River Basin from 2008-2009............................................................ 20 Figure 1. Map of the Powder River Basin and Welch Management Area where amphibian and reptile surveys were conducted by WYNDD in 2008 and 2009 .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 2. Enlargement of the Welch Management Area (highlighed in red) along the Tongue River north of Sheridan, Wyoming ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 3. Location of amphibian and reptile surveys conducted in the Powder River Basin in 2009 ............... 23 Figure 4. Percent occupancy of amphibian species for 13 sites surveyed in the Powder River Basin by WGFD in 2006 and by WYNDD in 2008 & 2009....................................................................................................... 24 Figure 5. Percent occupancy of amphibian species at sites surveyed in the Powder River Basin from 2008- 2009 .............................................................................................................................................................. 24 3 Figure 6. Percent occupancy of amphibian and reptile species for sites surveyed in the Powder River Basin from 2008-2009 ............................................................................................................................................. 25 Figure 7. Percent occupancy of amphibian species for 24 sites surveyed in the Powder River Basin by WGFD in 2006 and by WYNDD in 2008 ................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 8. Percent occupancy of reptile species for sites surveyed in the PRB from 2008-2009. Occupancy rates are shown for rock outcrop surveys ................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 9. Percent occupancy of reptile species for sites surveyed in the PRB from 2008-2009. Occupancy rates are shown for roadkill/basking surveys........................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10. Location of roadkill “hotspots” for reptiles in the Powder River Basin and Welch Management Area, Wyoming ............................................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 11. Locations of all occurrences for frogs and toads detected in 2009 during WYNDD field surveys in the Powder River Basin ................................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 12. Locations of all occurrences for Tiger Salamanders detected in 2009 during WYNDD field surveys in the Powder River Basin ............................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 13. Locations of all occurrences for snakes detected in 2009 during WYNDD field surveys in the Powder River Basin ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 14. Locations of all occurrences for lizards detected in 2009 during WYNDD field surveys in the Powder River Basin ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 15. Locations of all occurrences for turtles detected in 2009 during WYNDD field surveys in the Powder River Basin ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 16. Locations where dead Tiger Salamanders were found during Visual Encounter Surveys at standing water bodies in 2008 & 2009 ......................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 17. Locations of amphibian in the Powder River Basin area that tested positive for chytrid fungus in 2009 .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 APPENDIX A: DRAFT DISTRIBUTION MAPS FOR AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SPECIES IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING ...................................................................................................... 36 4 ABSTRACT Coal Bed Natural Gas (CBNG) development may impact amphibians and reptiles through changes in water quality, changes in water flow regimes, and increases in road densities and traffic volume. The Aquatic Task Group (ATG) is an inter-agency working group focused on studying and mitigating impacts of CBNG development in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. In 2008, the Buffalo Field Office of the BLM, a member of the ATG, provided support for the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (WYNDD) to inventory and develop a monitoring plan for amphibians and reptiles in the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming. The goal of this project is to determine the current status of amphibians and reptiles in the PRB so that future monitoring can detect changes, if any, in species composition and occupancy rates due to CBNG development. We surveyed for amphibians and reptiles from 2008-2009 using visual encounter surveys of riparian reaches and standing water bodies, roadkill/basking surveys, nocturnal call surveys, and visual encounter surveys of rock outcrops. We also measured water quality and/or habitat characteristics at all sites. We documented 18 (6 amphibian, 12 reptile) of the 21 species expected to occur in the PRB, with species detection varying by survey method. Comparisons of results from nocturnal call and visual encounter surveys conducted by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) in 2006 and by WYNDD in 2008 and 2009 at the same sites show a possible decline in site occupancy for Northern Leopard Frogs in the PRB. Bullsnakes were the most common road mortality and roadkill rates ranged from 0 to 6 dead reptiles/mile. Over 650 dead Tiger Salamanders were found during standing water body surveys. Laboratory analyses confirmed that salamanders tested had died of ranavirus infection. Recent Tiger Salamander die-offs also have been documented in Montana. Future research will hopefully determine if water quality influences susceptibility of salamanders to ranavirus infection. Chytrid infection rate was 23% in 2009 and prevalence of chytrid fungus in amphibians appears to be increasing in the PRB. Because potential impacts of CBNG development may be sublethal or vary between life stages, implementation of a long-term monitoring program in the PRB is necessary to determine population-level effects on local amphibians and reptiles. 5 INTRODUCTION The Powder River Basin (PRB) in northeastern Wyoming is an important area for the extraction of coal bed natural gas (CBNG). Over 18,000 CBNG wells currently exist in the PRB with numerous additional leases pending. CBNG development entails establishment of new roads, construction of wells and other infrastructure related to the extraction of CBNG, and the release of groundwater extracted from coal seams into surface streams, rivers, or holding ponds. In 2003, the Buffalo Field Office (BFO) of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for CBNG development in Wyoming and Montana which outlines potential impacts to hydrology, wildlife, and other natural resources in the Powder River Basin (BFO BLM 2003). The EIS identified 2 primary areas of concern with respect to amphibians and reptiles; (1) changes in water quality and timing due to release of CBNG product waters into surface waters, and (2) road mortalities from increased vehicular traffic. The Aquatic Task Group (ATG) is an inter-agency and inter-state working group focused on studying and mitigating impacts of energy development on aquatic ecosystems in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. In 2008, the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (WYNDD), under the guidance of the ATG, began a 3-year study of amphibians and reptiles in the PRB. The ATG‟s Monitoring Plan (ATG 2006) provided the guidelines and objectives for this project. The majority of funding for this work was provided by the Buffalo Field Office of the BLM with some matching funds from WYNDD. In general, little is known about the status and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Wyoming and, until recently, few studies have examined species distribution in the Powder River Basin. However, increasing concern over potential impacts of CBNG development to amphibians and reptiles prompted the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) to conduct a baseline inventory of reptiles and amphibians along the Powder River and its major tributaries from 2004-2006 (Turner 2007). The study provided an overview of species distribution, road mortality, and chytrid (Batrachochytrium) infection rates along the major rivers and streams within the PRB. Many of the WGFD‟s survey methods and some of the sampling reaches were incorporated into this project for consistency and long-term monitoring purposes; however the spatial extent of our work included upland and CBNG reservoir habitats in order to map distribution and study potential impacts across a broader area of the PRB. Objectives This project had 4 overall objectives: 1. Complete a literature review of impacts to amphibians and reptiles from vehicular traffic and changes in water quality 2. Determine the general distribution and characterize the status and habitat of all amphibians and reptiles occurring in the PRB (below 1,370 m) To do this, coordinates for all herptofauna observations will be combined with data from the WGFD (Turner, 2007) and WYNDD‟s database to produce a distribution map for each species. Overall site occupancy measures and current literature will be used to categorize species into general groups such as „common in PRB‟, „moderately abundant 6 in PRB‟, and „rare in PRB‟. Qualitative descriptions of habitat by species will be produced by combining standardized variables collected at survey sites (including water quality) and those presented in the literature. 3. Identify potential current and long-term impacts of CBNG activities on amphibians and reptiles and suggest possible mitigation measures. This will be achieved by measuring road mortality rates and water quality tolerance levels. Note: The impact of CBNG activities on amphibians and reptiles can only be roughly estimated within the framework of this project. 4. Establish a long-term, repeatable monitoring protocol that can be used to track population trends and impacts from CBNG activities in the future. The literature review (Objective 1) was completed in 2008, along with the first year of surveys to determine the distribution and habitat use of amphibians and reptiles in the PRB (Objective 2). This report details results from the second year of survey and inventory activities to map the distribution and habitat use of amphibians and reptiles in this region. Draft distribution maps for each species are included at the end of the report. Development of a long- term monitoring plan is in progress, with the first year of formal monitoring surveys to be conducted in the spring of 2010 if funding allows. METHODS Study Area The Powder River watershed is located in northeastern Wyoming (Figure 1) and has an area of approximately 25,000 km2. The main stem of the river flows north into Montana where it joins the Yellowstone River. Within Wyoming, tributary streams that originate in the Bighorn Mountains to the west generally have perennial flow fed by snowmelt, whereas ephemeral tributaries originating in the plains to the south and east are characterized by short duration flows from rainstorms (Davis et al., 2006). The majority of CBNG development in the PRB is below 1,370 m elevation and, thus, defines the study area for this project. Topography is characterized by rolling hills and breaks. The climate is semi-arid and land cover is dominated by two ecological systems; Inter-mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Steppe and Northwestern Great Plains Mixed-grass Prairie. Riparian vegetation along rivers and streams is usually composed of cottonwoods and tall grasses but there are very few natural lentic (standing water) wetlands in the Basin. Twenty-one species of reptiles and amphibians potentially occur in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming (Table 1). Most of these species belong to the suite of Great Plains species whose far western range occurs in northeastern Wyoming. See Table 2 for a list of acronyms for species names used in this document. Over 50% of land ownership in the PRB is private. Livestock grazing dominates land use with limited irrigated agriculture along perennial rivers (Davis et al. 2006). CBNG production has increased greatly in the last 10 years, especially in the eastern half of the PRB where natural gas is most easily recoverable. Gas field development often entails building and maintaining 7 extensive road networks to serve well pads, pipelines, and compression stations. Deep aquifer water is pumped to the surface and discharged into ephemeral drainages or reservoirs in order to release natural gas trapped in coal seams. The aquifer water is usually colder than surface water and often has higher concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and other salts (Davis et al. 2006). For more background information about the potential impacts of water quality and road network changes on amphibians and reptiles, see Griscom et al. (2009; Appendix A). In 2009, the BFO requested that WYNDD also conduct surveys for amphibians and reptiles in the BLM Welch Management Area. The Welch Management Area is located on the Tongue River approximately 10 miles north of Sheridan, Wyoming and was acquired by the BLM in 2004 (Figure 2). Though only about 1,770 acres, the Welch Management Area is an ecologically important area that supports a diverse array of wildlife species and riparian communities. The BLM currently manages this area for recreation, wildlife habitat, cattle grazing, and hay production. Surveys Protocols Nocturnal Call Surveys We used nocturnal call surveys to survey for anurans (frogs and toads) during the 2009 breeding season. Males of all anuran species in the PRB vocalize under suitable weather conditions to attract females to breeding sites. Calls can be used to identify individuals to species and, depending on environmental conditions, can be heard up to an estimated 2 km away. Road-based nocturnal call surveys are an effective way of detecting species presence across relatively large distances without requiring physical access to adjacent land. Two types of nocturnal call surveys were conducted in 2009: 1) a method identical to that used by the WGFD (Turner, 2007) in 2006 along several of the same routes, and 2) a modified method established by WYNDD in 2008 that allows surveyors to cover larger distances. Nocturnal call surveys involved a two person crew starting at a fixed location on a public road and driving a predefined distance to each subsequent listening point. All surveys were conducted after dark and detailed weather information was collected at the beginning and end of the survey (wind speed, barometric pressure, relative humidity, cloud cover, and air temperature). At each listening point, surveyors got out of the vehicle and listened for a predefined amount of time, recording the coordinates, species, calling intensity, direction and distance to caller(s), and ambient noise. Surveys along routes initially established by WGFD in 2006 were conducted along fixed 1.0 mile stretches, and surveyors stopped every 0.1 mi to listen for 2 minutes. The modified nocturnal call survey method was used along all other routes, with surveyors listening every 0.5 mi for 3 minutes. Water Body and Riparian Surveys We conducted visual encounter surveys (VES) along the banks of standing (lentic) and flowing water throughout the PRB. This survey method primarily targets amphibians, though reptiles are often found. Surveys followed protocols described in the ATG Monitoring Plan for Amphibians and Reptiles. Two surveyors searched at a consistent rate around the edge of lentic water bodies or along riparian reaches on either side of stream channels. In the case of routes 8 along the Powder River, however, both surveyors were on one side of the river (due to flooding and not being able to cross the river). At each site, surveyors collected extensive data on habitat, water chemistry (pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS), species observed, and life stage. Surveys were timed to record search effort, and timers were stopped while animals were being processed. Dead amphibians were collected, labeled, and preserved in 95% ethanol for later analysis. All amphibians processed were also swabbed for chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; see below). Results from riparian and lentic water body surveys were used to produce a „percent occupancy‟ estimate for each species (the number of water bodies occupied by a species divided by the number surveyed). This measure can be used to monitor changes across time, even if water bodies dry up or new ones are created. Site selection was not random but based primarily on where cooperative land owners and a high percentage of BLM surface ownership occurred. Lentic water bodies were located with the help of aerial photograph in ArcGIS. Although habitat characteristic were recorded, in most cases we were unable to determine if water bodies were impacted by CBNG development. Surveys in 2009 primarily targeted riparian areas along rivers and streams since surveys in 2008 focused heavily on lentic sites. In an attempt to begin long-term monitoring efforts, we also surveyed fixed biotic monitoring reaches established by the USGS along the Powder River above and below confluences with major tributaries, some of which are known to be heavily impacted by CBNG product water. The USGS biotic monitoring reaches provide fixed stretches where fish, macroinvertebrates, algae, etc., are sampled during most years. Results from herpetological surveys combined with water quality and biotic variables collected at these monitoring reaches could provide valuable insight into ecological trends in the future. Rock Outcrop Surveys Rocky outcrops are important landscape features for many reptiles because they provide protection from predators, basking surfaces, and shade from the midday sun, and are often used as hibernacula by multiple species of snakes. Therefore, we conducted visual encounter surveys for basking reptiles along south-facing rock outcrops. Rock outcrops were indentified either opportunistically or with aerial photographs. Surveys were conducted primarily during morning hours, when reptiles are most likely to be basking. Surveys involved searching under and around rocks and organic debris. We photographed species encountered and described the general habitat in which the species was found. We recorded search effort by timing all surveys, stopping the timer during data recording and identification of species. We also recorded all non- reptile species observed during rock-outcrop surveys. Roadkill and Basking Surveys Roads also serve as basking surfaces for reptiles and amphibians. Because animals basking on or crossing roads are often killed by vehicles, surveys along roads are commonly used to inventory local reptiles and amphibians (Heyer et al. 1994). Roadkill „hotspots‟, where multiple individuals are found in a short distance, can signify proximity to hibernacula or migration corridors and the location of hotspots can be used to guide management plans. Encounter rates 9 or mortality rates along fixed stretches of road can also be calculated and compared across seasons or years. We conducted roadkill/basking surveys along 1-mile fixed stretches of roads. We targeted different types of roads (paved, gravel, dirt, etc.) near or adjacent to rock outcrops or water bodies. Technicians walked on opposite sides of the road searching for dead or basking reptiles and amphibians. Animals found were photographed and their location was recorded. In addition to fixed roadkill surveys, technicians also recorded all incidental sightings of dead or basking reptiles and amphibians found while driving between survey sites. Tiger Salamander Mortality In 2008, WYNDD technicians found over 600 dead or dying Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) at several standing water bodies in the PRB. Samples showed no evidence of chytrid fungus and the cause of the die-off was not determined. In 2009, technicians were instructed to notify WYNDD zoologists immediately when dead or dying tiger salamanders were found so that specimens could be collected and sent to labs for necropsy and disease testing. Water quality measurements were taken and the BLM was notified as soon as dead salamanders were found so that landowners could be contacted. Chytrid Analyses Chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) has been implicated in amphibian declines around the world, especially in concert with other environmental stressors, and infected animals have been found in the PRB (Turner 2007, Griscom et al. 2009). To identify whether amphibians were infected with chytrid fungus, we collected epithelial tissue samples from a subset of all amphibians found at each site during surveys. Sample collection followed established procedures (Livo 2003). Amphibians were systematically swabbed with sterile cotton swabs to collect epidermal DNA. Swabs were immediately stored in sterile microcentrifuge tubes containing 95% ethanol and labeled with unique specimen numbers. We stored samples in a -20°F freezer until shipping. Samples were sent to Dr. John Wood at Pisces Molecular LLC in Boulder, Colorado, for analysis via PCR test to determine if the fungus was present. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 2009 Survey Results Nocturnal Call Surveys: We conducted 16 nocturnal call surveys along roads in 2009 (Figure 3). Eight of the surveys were conducted along routes previously surveyed by the WGFD from 18-25 May, 2006 (Turner 2007) and were conducted with the same level of effort as WGFD surveys. Initial surveys were conducted 22 May – 6 June. We repeated surveys at the 4 most productive locations from 27-29 10 June. No amphibians were heard calling during repeat surveys and we concluded that breeding activities had ended for the season. We detected both Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata) and Plains Spadefoot Toads (Spea bombifrons) during nocturnal call surveys. Boreal Chorus Frogs and Plains Spadefoot Toads were heard at 56% and 25%, respectively, of nocturnal call surveys (Table 3). Results from WYNDD surveys in 2009 differed from results of WGFD surveys in 2006 for the same survey routes (Table 3). Most notably, Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens) were heard calling on 100% of the routes in 2006 but were never heard calling along any route in 2009. Woodhouse‟s Toads (Anaxyrus woodhousii) and Great Plains Toads (A. cognatus) also were heard calling on 25% and 13% of the routes in 2006 but were never heard calling in 2009. On the other hand, Plains Spadefoot Toads were heard calling on 50% of the WGFD routes in 2009 but were never heard calling along these routes in 2006. Similar results were observed when we compared site occupancy across the 13 total repeat WGFD sites surveyed by WYNDD in 2008 and 2009 (Figure 4). Most alarming again is the complete absence of Northern Leopard Frogs detected in 2008 and 2009 at sites where they were detected in 2006. In general, combined results from WYNDD surveys in 2008 and 2009 show that Boreal Chorus Frogs and Woodhouse‟s Toads currently have the highest site occupancy rates in the PRB based on nocturnal call surveys (Figure 5). Because nocturnal call surveys detect calling by breeding amphibians, and weather is known to influence the timing and intensity of breeding efforts in amphibians (Heyer et al. 1994), survey results can vary annually despite efforts to synchronize survey dates (as seen above). Thus, results are not directly comparable for monitoring purposes without conducting multiple passes over several weeks, or correcting for differences in detectability due to covariates (weather, temperature, relative humidity, etc.) across years. Pulse breeders, such as the Plains Spadefoot Toad and Great Plains Toad, can be particularly difficult to monitor across years since breeding is restricted to very short periods of time following rainstorms. Thus, the differences in the occurrence of Plains Spadefoot Toads and Great Plains Toads between 2006 and 2009 surveys could be the result of timing of breeding events rather than changes in species abundance. However, the lack of Northern Leopard Frogs detected in 2008 and 2009 warrants further investigation, especially since this species is currently being petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Northern Leopard Frogs are not pulse breeders, though timing of breeding still varies with annual weather patterns. Water Body and Riparian Surveys: We conducted 39 VES surveys in riparian areas along streams and rivers, and 8 VES surveys at lentic sites including stockponds and CBNG ponds (Figure 3). We documented 2 species of amphibians and 4 species of snakes during riparian surveys. Northern Leopard Frogs were more common along rivers and streams and were documented at 46% of riparian sites and only 13% of lentic sites. Woodhouse‟s Toads and Wandering Garter Snakes (Thamnophis elegans vagrans) were the next most common species found during riparian surveys, both occurring at 15% of sites (Figure 6). Three species of amphibians were documented at lentic site but no reptiles were found during lentic surveys. Tiger Salamanders were the most common species observed at lentic sites, found at 63% of all lentic sites surveyed. Although turtles likely occurred at both riparian and lentic sites, probability of detecting them using VES surveys is relatively low. Use