Invasive alien flora fauna 111 South Africa Expertise and bibliography Charles Musil F. A.W. Macdonald Ian « SANBI Biodiversity Series 6 ****** Ontvr^ 2007 SANBI Biodiversity Series Invasive alien and fauna flora in South Africa: and expertise bibliography by Charles F. Musil & Ian A.W. Macdonald '-''"' -1"' national biodiversity institute SANBI Pretoria 2007 SANBI MCZ LIBRARY Biodiversity Series DEI 201, SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 September 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Management: BiodiversityAct (NEMBA) No. 10 of2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. TheAct expands the mandate ofthe former National Botanical Institute to include responsibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africa's fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI is to be the leading institution in biodiversity science in Africa, facilitating conservation, sustainable use of living resources, and human wellbeing. SANBI's mission is to promote the sustainable use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of the exceptionally rich biodiversity of South Africa, forthe benefit ofall people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, workshops, symposia and other activities initiated by or executed in partnership with SANBI. Technical editor: Gerrit Germishuizen and Emsie du Plessis Design & layout: Daleen Maree Cover design: Sandra Turck The authors: — C.F. Musil Senior Specialist Scientist, Global Change & Biodiversity Program, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, 7735 ([email protected]) — I.A.W. Macdonald Extraordinary Professor, Sustainability Institute, School of Public Management and Planning, Stellenbosch University ([email protected]) How to cite this publication MUSIL, C.F. & MACDONALD, I.A.W. 2007. Invasive alien flora and fauna in South Africa: expertise and bibliography. SANBI Biodiversity Series 6. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-35-8 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute. Obtainable from: SANBI Bookshop, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 843-5000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.sanbi.org. Printed byAfriscot Litho (Pty) Ltd t/a Afriscot Printers, Unit 7, BlockA, Scientia Technopark, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. 3 contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Definitions and geographical coverage 1 3. Procedures applied in expertise audit 2 4. Procedures applied in literature audit 2 5. Analysis of expertise register 3 5.1 Selection criteria 3 5.2 Gender, credentials and training institutions 3 5.3 Institutional and geographical deployment 4 5.4 Categories of speciality 6 5.4.1 Region, ecosystem andbiome 6 5.4.2 Management, controlandresearch 8 5.4.3 Life form and taxonomic groups 9 6. Analysis of bibliography 11 6.1 Scale and rate of publications 11 6.2 Categories of articles 12 6.2.1 Management, controlandresearch 12 6.2.2 Ecosystem, biome andhabitat 1 6.2.3 Life form andtaxonomic groups 14 7. Register of expertise 17 8. Bibliography 43 8.1 Alien Aquatic Plants 43 — 8.1.1 A-Aquatic Plants Ecology 43 8.1.2 A-Aquatic Plants—Identification 43 8.1.3 A-Aquatic Plants—Impact 44 8.1.4 A-Aquatic Plants—Introduction 44 8.1.5 A-Aquatic Plants—Invasion 44 8.1.6 A-Aquatic Plants—Management 45 8.2 Alien Herbaceous Plants 51 8.2.1 A-Herbaceous Plants—Ecology 51 8.2.2 A-Herbaceous Plants—Identification 51 8.2.3 A-Herbaceous Plants—Impact 52 8.2.4 A-Herbaceous Plants—Introduction 52 iii 4352322311 — Herbaceous Plants Invasion 52 \ — 8.2.6 A-Herbaceous Plants Management 52 8 3 Alien Succulent Plants 54 — 8.3 1 A-Succulent Plants Ecology 54 — 8.3.2 A-SucculentPlants Identification 54 8.3.3 A-Succulent Plants—Impact 55 — 8.3.4 A-SucculentPlants Introduction 55 — 8.3.5 A-SucculentPlants Invasion 55 — 8.3.6 A-Succulent Plants Management 55 8.4 Alien Woody Plants 62 8.4.1 A-Woody Plants—Ecology 62 8.4.2 A-Woody Plants—Identification 66 8.4.3 A-Woody Plants—Impact 69 — 8.4.4 A-WoodyPlants Introduction 73 — 8.4.5 A-Woody Plants Invasion 73 — 8.4.6 A-WoodyPlants Management 77 — 8.5 Alien Plants Nonspecific Life Form 97 8.5.1 A-Plants—NSLF—Ecology 97 8.5.2 A-Plants—NSLF—Identification 98 8.5.3 A-Plants—NSLF—Impact 99 8.5.4 A-Plants—NSLF—Introduction 100 8.5.5 A-Plants—NSLF—Invasion 100 8.5.6 A-Plants—NSLF—Management 104 8.6 Alien Plant Pathogens 111 8.6.1 A-PlantPathogens—Ecology 111 8.6.2 A-PlantPathogens—Identification 11 8.6.3 A-PlantPathogens—Impact 11 8.6.4 A-PlantPathogens—Introduction 11 8.6.5 A-PlantPathogens—Invasion 11 — 8.6.6 A-PlantPathogens Management 11 — 8.7 Alien Biota Nonspecific Life Form 113 8.7.1 A-Biota—NSLF—Ecology 11 8.7.24-Biota—NSLF—Identification 11 8.7.3 A-Biota—NSLF—Impact 11 8.7.4 A-Biota—NSLF—Introduction 114 8 7 5 A-Biota—NSLF—Invasion 11 8.7.6 A-Biota—NSLF—Management 11 iv 3 8.8 Alien Invertebrates 118 — 8.8.1 A-lnvertebrates Ecology 118 — 8.8.2 A-lnvertebrates Identification 119 — 8.8.3 A-lnvertebrates Impact 120 — 8.8.4 A-lnvertebrates Introduction 122 — 8.8.5 A-lnvertebrates Invasion 122 — 8.8.6 A-lnvertebrates Management 123 8.9 Alien Fish 125 8.9.1 A-Fish—Ecology 125 8.9.2 A-Fish—Identification 128 8.9.3 A-Fish—Impact 130 — 8.9.4 A-Fish Introduction 132 — 8.9.5 A-Fish Invasion 138 — 8.9.6 A-Fish Management 139 8.10 Alien Birds 146 8.10.1 A-Birds—Ecology 146 8.10.2 A-Birds—Identification 149 8.1 . A-Birds—Impact 154 — 8.10.4 A-Birds Introduction 155 — 8.10.5 A-Birds Invasion 156 — 8.10.6 A-Birds Management 165 8.11 Alien Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals 165 — 8.11.1 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals Ecology 165 — 8.11.2 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals Identification 166 — 8.11.3 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals Impact 166 — 8.11.4 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals Introduction 166 8.11.5 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals—Invasion 167 — 8.11.6 A-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammals Management 167 — 8.12 Alien animals Nonspecific Life Form 167 8.12.1 A-Animals—NSLF—Ecology 167 8 12 2 A-Animals—NSLF—Identification 168 12 3 A-Animals—NSLF—Impact 168 12.4 A-Animals—NSLF—Introduction 168 12.5 A-Animals—NSLF—Invasion 168 12.6 A-Animals—NSLF—Management 168 9. References cited 169 3 List of tables — Table 1. Institutional deployment of experts during audit 5 — Table 2. Geographical deployment of experts during audit 6 — Table 3. Numbers of experts who cite proficiency in different ecosystems, biomes and habitats relevant to alien invasive organisms 7 — Table 4. Numbers of experts who cite capability in different management, control and research topics and themes on alien invasive organisms 8 — Table 5. Numbers of experts who cite competency in different life forms of alien invasive organisms 10 — Table 6. Numbers of experts who cite knowledge of different genera ofalien invasive organisms 10 — Table 7. Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various categories of utilisation and management ofalien invasive organisms 1 — Table 8. Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various biomes and habitats ofaquatic and terrestrial ecosystems infested by alien invasive organisms 14 — Table 9. Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various components of natural and transformed ecosystems, native flora and fauna and interspecific interactions impacted on by invasive alien organisms 14 — Table 10. Numbers ofarticles in the bibliography referring to different life forms of invasive alien organisms 15 — Table 11. Number ofarticles in bibliography referring to most frequently cited genera in different life forms of alien invasive organisms 16 List offigures — Figure 1. Numbers ofqualified experts on alien invasive organisms produced every 5 years since 1960 3 — Figure 2. Numbers of publications on alien invasive organisms appearing annually since 1858 11 — Figure 3. Fifteen most common general topics referred to in the bibliography 12 Appendices — Appendix 1. Example ofquestionnaire soliciting IAS expert personal details and opinions 170 — Appendix 2. Keywords to life forms, administrative and research topics applied in the bibliography with the number ofarticles relating to each presented in parenthesis 172 — Appendix 3. Keywords to taxonomic groups applied in the bibliography with numbers of related articles relating to each presented in parenthesis 174 VI foreword • \e Global Strategy on InvasiveAlien Species prepared by the Global Invasive Species Programme -*- highlighted ten elements that need to be addressed in our efforts to reduce the global impact of invasive species. Building of both research and management capacity are two ofthese elements. This inventory is an excellent baseline from which to begin addressing the development ofcapacity in both these areas within South Africa. South Africa is regarded as anAfrican if not a world leader in the management ofestablished invasive species. Programmes such as Working for Waterhave won numerous accolades for its approach to dealing with the threat of invasive woody plants and job creation. Currently, bio-control in South Africa is well resourced and produces excellent work and numerous scientific publications. Needless to say many ofthe experts and much ofthe scientific literature in South Africa is focused on these two areas. The inventory highlights the lack ofexpertise in the following: • Prevention ofthe introduction of new invasive species. • Specific genera of invasive species e.g. Populus and Prosopis species. • Invasive species in particular biomes e.g. arid biomes. This inventory will have served its overarching purpose if academic institutions, particularly those with specific interest in invasive species research and management, are able to motivate financial support to fill the gaps in our knowledge and train skilled people to address these. The problem ofa shrinking scientific community is not specific to South Africa yet the wealth of knowledge must not be lost as a result of lack offoresight in research planning. South Africa leads ProgrammeArea 3 ofthe New Partnership forAfrican Development environmental initiative. This focuses on invasive species in Africa. The inventory ofexpertise and bibliography is being expanded to southern Africa underthe Regional Biodiversity Support Programme. It should be expanded to cover the whole continent so that it provides a resource for research and management within Africa. As this inventory was funded by the Regional Biodiversity Support Programme it does not address the threat of invasive species to agriculture. Ifwe are to convince politicians in Africa ofthe need to spend more on research, prevention of introduction and management of invasive species then believe we need I to show the threat they pose to food security. Maybe this calls for a whole inventory of its own. This inventory will be useful to both researchers and managers alike. The bibliography ofover 3 000 publications is an excellent resource. The list ofexperts will need to be maintained and regularly updated to have an ongoing use and this should be the responsibility ofan organisation such as the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Denis Rangi SAexpertise IAS VII acknowledgements Funding for this inventory was provided by the Southern Africa Biodiversity Support Program (RBSAP), a Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded initiative implemented in ten Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) member states, and administered by the South African National Biodiversity Institute. The following persons kindly contributed their personal bibliographies: N. Allsopp M.D. Anderson T.A. Anderson P.J. Ashton E.H.W. Baard C.R. Bromilow M.J. Byrne J.A. Cambray S.L. Chown C.J. Cilliers R.J.M. Crawford F.C. de Moor I.J. de Moor W.R.J. Dean J.B.R. Findlay W.B. Foden L.C. Foxcroft C.L. Griffiths N.M. Hanekom G.B. Harding L. Henderson P.M. Holmes F.A. Impson B. Jansen van Vuuren H. Klein T. Kraijj D.C. le Maitre W.D. Lotter G. Malan C. Marais S.J. Milton E.J. Moll V.C. Moran C.F Musil K.J. Musil A. Pauw M.D. Picker G.R. Preston D.M. Richardson H.G. Robertson MP Robertson M. Rouget LA. Russell L.W. Strathie L.G. Underhill M. Wanneberg A.B.R.Will N. Witkowski A.R. Wood C. Zachariades Ingrid Nanni is thanked for assistance with digitising ofearlier published bibliographies, Mr Les Powrie for transformation of electronic databases into formats suitable for analytical and publication purposes, and Kathrine Musil for meticulously checking the bibliography. VIM