boy30444_fm.qxd 4/11/06 7:35 AM Page i II NNTTRROODDUUCCTTOORRYY CC AA IIRRCCUUIITT NNAALLYYSSIISS Robert L. Boylestad Eleventh Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio boy30444_fm.qxd 3/27/06 11:34 AM Page ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boylestad,Robert L. Introductory circuit analysis / Robert L. Boylestad.—11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-13-173044-4 1. Electric circuits—Textbooks. 2. Electric circuit analysis—Data processing—Textbooks. 3. PSpice. I. Title. TK454.B68. 2007 621.319'2—dc.22 2006044772 Editor in Chief:Vern Anthony Production Editor:Rex Davidson Design Coordinator:Diane Ernsberger Editorial Assistant:Lara Dimmick Cover Designer:Candace Rowley Cover art:Getty One Illustrations:Rolin Graphics Production Manager:Matt Ottenweller Senior Marketing Manager:Ben Leonard Marketing Assistant:Les Roberts Senior Marketing Coordinator:Liz Farrell This book was set in Times Roman by Carlisle Publishing Services and was printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp. Cadence and the Cadence logo,Orcad,PSpice,and OrCAD Capture are registered trademarks of Cadence Design Systems,Inc. Electronics Workbench and Multisim are registered trademarks of Electronics Workbench,Inc. Mathcad is a product of MathSoft Engineering & Education,Inc. Copyright ©2007,2003,2000,1997,1994,1990,1987,1982,1977,1972,1968 by Pearson Education,Inc.,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey 07458.Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,storage in a retrieval system,or transmission in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),write to:Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™is a trademark of Pearson Education,Inc. Pearson®is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall®is a registered trademark of Pearson Education,Inc. Pearson Education Ltd. Pearson Education Australia Pty. Limited Pearson Education Singapore Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd. Pearson Education Canada,Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico,S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia Pte. Ltd. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN:0-13-173044-4 boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page iii To Else Marie boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page iv boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page v PPrreeffaaccee The primary goal for this extensive revision of Introductory • A broader use of instrumentation throughout the text Circuit Analysis is to incorporate the comments of current • Additional examples for the most important topics users and reviewers, include current trends in curriculum • Expanded comments to teach students how to avoid content,and expand on specific areas of coverage. some common pitfalls To accomplish this, I rearranged the order in which the • Additional problems appropriate to introduce in this text information is presented so that similar topics are covered Throughout the text,every effort was made to ensure that sequentially,added new material,removed less-used mate- the content is current. For instance,film resistors are now em- rial,and updated content where possible. Extensive editing phasized instead of carbon. All photos of devices and instru- has ensured that the fundamental laws covered in the first mentation in the text are up to date. Protoboards, surface half of the text are clearly understood, establishing a firm mount resistors,fuel cells,and improved solar cells are now foundation for the ac section and concepts to follow in other covered. Outdated applications have been replaced. Because courses in the curriculum. the TI-86 calculator is no longer manufactured, examples The following are some of the improvements that will aid now include instructions for the TI-89 calculator. However, both students and teachers in using this text: since so many students still have the TI-86,an appendix was added so that instructions for that calculator are still available. • Objectives are added to the beginning of each chapter to All of the software programs covered in this text have been reveal on a broad scale what the student should learn from upgraded. This edition uses PSpice Release 10,Multisim Ver- the chapter. sion 8,and Mathcad Version 12. Users of earlier versions of • The chapter on Inductors now follows directly after the these programs will find that most of the changes are minimal. chapter on Capacitors. The more natural flow from cov- The depth of coverage for software packages always gen- erage of capacitors to inductors makes use of the simi- erates some discussion with each edition. I am particularly larities in circuit analysis for the two elements. pleased that at least five editions ago Introductory Circuit • The chapter on Magnetic Circuits now follows the chap- Analysis was the first to cover software packages in the de- ter on Inductors. This chapter contains excellent material tail,depth,and range that enabled students to feel comfort- for practical applications that students can use as a re- able with the applications. This level of detail is not offered source later,but many teachers rarely had time to cover in other publications or in the information packages pro- the detail presented in the chapter. vided by the software distributors; therefore,I have decided • The Filters chapter now follows the Resonance chapter, to maintain this depth of coverage. Because it is a constant which again permits a continuing discussion of similar source of discussion with the publisher and some users, I material. deeply appreciate any comments you would like to offer on • The chapter on System Analysis was deleted to permit the subject. Hopefully,it is a positive aspect of the text,but expanded coverage of some of the important topics in the coverage may need to be modified in some areas. first half of the text and because so few institutions cover QBASIC and C(cid:2)(cid:2)have been removed from this edition the material in an introductory course. due to the growing sophistication of the software packages • Coverage is increased in the earlier chapters for some and the need for some additional coverage in other critical very important topics,such as series and parallel circuits, areas. mesh and nodal analysis, and the transient response of For review purposes, additional summary tables are in- capacitors and inductors. troduced to emphasize the duality that exists between vari- • Problems are added in almost every chapter of the text. A ous facets of the material and to review the important review of the Solutions Manual prompted me to revise conclusions associated with each type of analysis. In gen- many problems so that the results better reinforce the con- eral, these tables should help the student in developing a cept under investigation and further challenge the student. broad sense of understanding about how various laws can be Every technique, approach, analogy, and maneuver I applied to different configurations and how best to analyze could imagine to clarify some of the most important con- a system. For some topics such as mesh and nodal analysis, cepts in this field has been adapted for this text to improve power in the ac domain, and parallel ac networks, the presentation. Some of these elements include: additional methods of analysis and comments have been v boy30444_fm.qxd 3/27/06 11:34 AM Page vi vi PREFACE included that should help clarify the approach and remove • Instructor’s Resource Manual, containing text solu- the confusion surrounding some unique situations. tions and test item file. Print version (ISBN 0-13- The Laboratory Manual associated with the text is also 219616-6) and online version (ISBN 0-13-221446-6). extensively revised. One major change, based on the com- • PowerPoint® Lecture Notes. Available on CD (ISBN ments of Professor James Fiore, is the increased use of ta- 0-13-188761-0) and online (ISBN 0-13-173557-8). bles throughout to display the results better and permit • TestGen®, a computerized test bank. Available on CD immediate comparisons between results obtained using dif- (ISBN 0-13-188850-1) and online (ISBN 0-13-198670-8) ferent approaches. Only after revising a few experiments did I realize what a wonderful improvement to the Laboratory ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Manual this change made. Computer exercises have been in- As I approach the completion of each edition,I always hope troduced into a number of the other laboratory experiments, that the material has now been presented to the best of my so the computer labs have been removed. ability. However,I always end up with a folder full of sug- gestions to consider for the next edition. This edition is no SUPPLEMENTS different, although I believe the revisions made have im- To enhance the learning process,a full supplements package proved the content and presentation so that future changes accompanies this text and is available to students and in- will be minimal. structors using the text for a course. As with every edition,I have found that certain individu- als in the academic world have made a significant contribu- Student Resources tion to the revision. For all the hours he spent working with • Laboratory Manual,ISBN 0-13-219615-8 me on the revision of the software printouts, I must thank • Companion Website (student study guide) at www. my good friend Professor Louis Nashelsky. For questions of prenhall.com/boylestad a practical nature, Jerry Sitbon’s input was simply invalu- • CD-ROM. Packaged with this textbook, this CD con- able. The vast improvement in the Laboratory Manual is due tains a set of Multisim circuit files and a set of PSpice cir- primarily to the constructive criticisms of Professor James cuit files. These files (also available on the Companion Fiore. Website) are provided at no extra cost to the consumer A number of reviewers and users provided outstanding and are for use by anyone who chooses to use Multisim input—I am deeply grateful for the many hours of effort on and/or PSpice software. Multisim and PSpice are widely their part. Their reviews helped me to define which changes regarded as excellent simulation tools for classroom and should be made and which topics should be left as is. Many laboratory learning. However,successful use of this text- comments included requests that I not lower or raise the book is not dependent upon the use of the circuit files. level of the text significantly. Therefore,this text continues If you do not currently have access to Multisim software to provide the coverage appropriate for today’s technology on your computer or in your school lab and you wish to pur- student without removing the challenge associated with chase it in order to use the circuits created for this text, some advanced topics. visit www.prenhall.com/ewb or request information via I thank the reviewers of this edition: Sami Antoun, e-mail from [email protected]. The PSpice software DeVry University; Don Barrett, DeVry University; David can be purchased by visiting www.orcad.com. Barth, Edison State Community College; Jim Fiore, Mo- At the time of publication,the CD provided with this text hawk Valley Community College; George Flantinis, New contains files appropriate for use with Multisim 2001, Hampshire Technical Institute; Curtis Johnson, University Multisim 7, Multisim 8, and PSpice Release 10. However, of Houston; Angela Lemons,North Carolina A&T Univer- circuits created in subsequent versions of software also may sity; Richard McKinney, Nashville State Community Col- be available at www.prenhall.com/boylestadwhenever later lege,and Paul Svatik,Owens Community College. versions of the software are developed by their respective I also thank the following individuals for their help: manufacturers. Leslie Bondaryk,MathSoft Corporation; Delphine Gerard, Pearson Education (Norway); Marc Herniter,Rose-Hulman Instructor Resources Institute of Technology; Lenda Hill and Tracee Larson, To access supplementary materials online,instructors need Texas Instruments; Erica Kaleda,Edison Electric Institute, to request an instructor access code. Go to www.prenhall. and Nell Mathot,Cadence Design Systems. com,click the Instructor Resource Centerlink,and then I have been fortunate over the years to have Rex David- click Register Todayfor an instructor access code. Within son as my production editor. He helps to ensure that the text 48 hours after registering you will receive a confirming is a quality publication. Lara Dimmick at Prentice Hall has e-mail including an instructor access code. Once you have to be one of the most capable individuals I have ever worked received your code, go to the site and log on for full in- with. Ask her anything about anything,and she will get the structions on downloading the materials you wish to use. answer for you—not tomorrow,but today. Thank you,Lara. boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page vii PREFACE vii With each edition,I am always amazed at the abilities of the marketing departments that I want to thank for this edition. copy editors to detect and correct mistakes. Their sugges- The production of any publication of this magnitude is not tions and comments are valuable–they are a special group of an individual effort but one that requires teamwork and ded- people. For this edition,I was blessed to have Colleen Bros- ication. Thank you. nan as copy editor, who transformed my input into some- To all of you,both students and faculty,you have my best thing on another plane entirely. There are, of course, wishes for a healthy,productive,and pleasant school year. numerous other individuals in the production, sales, and Robert Boylestad boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page viii boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page ix Brief Contents 1 15 Introduction 1 Series and Parallel ac Circuits 637 2 16 Voltage and Current 33 Series-Parallel ac Networks 713 3 17 Resistance 63 Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac) 743 4 Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy 101 18 Network Theorems (ac) 787 5 Series dc Circuits 131 19 Power (ac) 835 6 Parallel dc Circuits 185 20 Resonance 871 7 Series-Parallel Circuits 243 21 Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots 917 8 Methods of Analysis 22 and Selected Topics (dc) 283 Transformers 989 9 23 Network Theorems 345 Polyphase Systems 1029 10 24 Capacitors 397 Pulse Waveforms and the R-C Response 1067 11 Inductors 461 25 Nonsinusoidal Circuits 1095 12 Magnetic Circuits 513 Appendixes 1119 13 Index 1149 Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms 539 14 The Basic Elements and Phasors 587 ix boy30444_fm.qxd 3/24/06 3:52 PM Page x