Periodic Table of the Elements GROUP 1 1A 1 Atomic number 1 H H Element symbol 1 2 1.01 1.01 Atomic mass* 2A hydrogen hydrogen Element name 3 4 Li Be 2 6.94 9.01 lithium beryllium 11 12 Na Mg 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B sodium magnesium D 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 O K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co I 4 R 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 E P potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh 5 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 (99) 101.07 102.91 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 6 132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.23 192.22 cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 7 (223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium 58 59 60 61 62 63 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Lanthanide series 140.12 140.91 144.24 (147) 150.36 151.97 cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium 90 91 92 93 94 95 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Actinide series (232) (231) (238) (237) (244) (243) thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium *The mass number of an important radioactive isotope—not the atomic mass— is shown in parentheses for those elements with no stable isotopes. Metals 18 Metalloids 8A 2 Nonmetals 13 14 15 16 17 He 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.00 helium 5 6 7 8 9 10 B C N O F Ne 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 13 14 15 16 17 18 Al Si P S Cl Ar 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 8B 1B 2B aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80 nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29 palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222) platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (289) (293) (294) (294) darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260) curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium This page intentionally left blank Introductory Chemistry SIxth EdItIon in SI units Nivaldo J. tro 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 Director, Courseware Portfolio Management: Jeanne Zalesky Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Courseware Portfolio Specialist: Scott Dustan Rights and Permissions Manager: Ben Ferrini Courseware Director, Content Development: Jennifer Hart Rights and Permissions Management: Cenveo Publisher Services Assistant Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Aditee Agarwal Photo Researcher: Eric Schrader Development Editor: Erin Mulligan Production Management: codemantra Courseware Analyst: Coleen Morrison Illustrator: Precision Graphics Portfolio Management Assistant: Lindsey Pruett Design Managers: Marilyn Perry, Maria Guglielmo Walsh VP, Product Strategy & Development: Lauren Fogel Interior Designer: Gary Hespenheide Content Producer: Chandrika Madhavan Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Managing Producer: Kristen Flathman Contributing Illustrators: Lachina Content Producer: Jackie Jakob Manufacturing Buyer: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Project Editor, Global Edition: K.K. Neelakantan Senior Manufacturing Controller, Global Edition: Jerry Kataria Director, Production & Digital Studio: Katie Foley Product Marketer: Elizabeth Bell Senior Mastering Media Producer: Jayne Sportelli Cover: Nucleartist/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on page C-1. Pearson Education Limited KAO Two KAO Park Harlow CM17 9NA United Kingdom and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2019 The rights of Nivaldo J. Tro to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Introductory Chemistry, 6th Edition, ISBN 978-0-134-30238-6 by Nivaldo J. Tro, published by Pearson Education © 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-22968-3 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-22968-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset by codeMantra Printed and bound by Vivar in Malaysia About the Author Nivaldo tro  has been teaching college Chemistry since 1990. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford University for work on developing and using optical techniques to study the adsorption and desorption of molecules to and from surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. He then went on to the University of California at Berkeley, where he did postdoctoral research on ultrafast reaction dynamics in solution. Professor Tro has been awarded grants from the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, from the Research Corporation, and from the National Science Foundation to study the dynamics of various processes occurring in thin adlayer films adsorbed on dielectric surfaces. Professor Tro lives in Santa Barbara with his wife, Ann, and their four children, Michael, Ali, Kyle, and Kaden. In his leisure time, Professor Tro enjoys mountain biking, surfing, and being outdoors with his family. To Annie 5 Brief Contents Preface 21 1 the Chemical World 36 2 measurement and Problem solving 48 3 matter and energy 94 4 Atoms and elements 132 5 molecules and Compounds 166 6 Chemical Composition 202 7 Chemical reactions 240 8 Quantities in Chemical reactions 282 9 electrons in Atoms and the Periodic table 318 10 Chemical Bonding 358 11 Gases 392 12 Liquids, solids, and intermolecular Forces 442 13 solutions 478 14 Acids and Bases 518 15 Chemical equilibrium 560 16 Oxidation and reduction 606 17 radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 642 18 Organic Chemistry 674 19 Biochemistry 728 Appendix: Mathematics review Mr-1 Answers to odd-numbered Exercises A-1 Glossary G-1 credits c-1 Index I-1 6 Contents Preface 21 1 the Chemical World 36 1.1 Sand and Water 37 1.2 chemicals compose ordinary things 38 1.3 the Scientific Method: how chemists think 39 EvEryday ChEmistry Combustion and the Scientific Method 41 1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting data 42 Identifying Patterns in data 4 2 Interpreting Graphs 43 1.5 A Beginning chemist: how to Succeed 44 self-Assessment Quiz 45 Key terms 46 exercises 46 Answers to skillbuilder exercises 47 Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 47 2 measurement and 2.6 Problem Solving and unit conversion 62 Problem solving 48 converting Between units 6 3 General Problem-Solving Strategy 65 2.1 the Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million unit Error 49 2.7 Solving Multistep unit conversion Problems 67 2.2 Scientific notation: Writing Large and 2.8 unit conversion in Both the numerator Small numbers 49 and denominator 69 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing numbers to 2.9 units raised to a Power 70 reflect Precision 51 counting Significant Figures 5 4 ChEmistry and hEalth Drug Dosage 71 Exact numbers 54 2.10 density 73 ChEmistry in thE mEdia The COBE Satellite calculating density 74 and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate density as a conversion Factor 75 Our Cosmic Past 55 ChEmistry and hEalth Density, Cholesterol, 2.4 Significant Figures in calculations 56 and Heart Disease 76 Multiplication and division 5 6 2.11 numerical Problem-Solving Strategies rounding 56 and the Solution Map 77 Addition and Subtraction 57 self-Assessment Quiz 79 calculations Involving Both Multiplication/division Key terms 85 and Addition/Subtraction 58 exercises 85 2.5 the Basic units of Measurement 60 Answers to skillbuilder exercises 93 the Base units 6 0 Prefix Multipliers 61 Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 93 derived units 62 7 8 | contents 3.11 temperature changes: heat capacity 114 EvEryday ChEmistry Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water 115 3.12 Energy and heat capacity calculations 115 self-Assessment Quiz 119 Key terms 124 exercises 124 Answers to skillbuilder exercises 131 Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 131 4 Atoms and elements 132 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at tiburon 133 4.2 Indivisible: the Atomic theory 134 4.3 the nuclear Atom 135 4.4 the Properties of Protons, neutrons, and Electrons 137 EvEryday ChEmistry Solid Matter? 137 4.5 Elements: defined by their numbers of Protons 139 4.6 Looking for Patterns: the Periodic Law and the Periodic table 141 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons 146 Ions and the Periodic table 147 4.8 Isotopes: When the number of 3 matter and neutrons Varies 149 4.9 Atomic Mass: the Average Mass of an energy 94 Element’s Atoms 151 ChEmistry in thE EnvironmEnt Radioactive 3.1 In your room 95 Isotopes at Hanford, Washington 152 self-Assessment Quiz 154 3.2 What Is Matter? 96 Key terms 157 3.3 classifying Matter According to Its State: exercises 157 Solid, Liquid, and Gas 97 Answers to skillbuilder exercises 165 3.4 classifying Matter According to Its composition: Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 165 Elements, compounds, and Mixtures 98 3.5 differences in Matter: Physical and chemical Properties 101 5 molecules and 3.6 changes in Matter: Physical and chemical changes 103 Compounds Separating Mixtures through Physical changes 105 166 3.7 conservation of Mass: there Is no new Matter 105 3.8 Energy 106 5.1 Sugar and Salt 167 ChEmistry in thE EnvironmEnt Getting Energy 5.2 compounds display constant out of Nothing? 107 composition 168 units of Energy 107 5.3 chemical Formulas: how to represent 3.9 Energy and chemical and Physical change 109 compounds 169 3.10 temperature: random Motion of Polyatomic Ions in chemical Formulas 171 Molecules and Atoms 110 types of chemical Formulas 172