INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Theodor Adorno W. EditbeydC hristGoopdhd e TranslbaytE eddm unJde phcott StanfoUrndi versPirteys s StanfoCradl,i fornia Thep osthumowuosr ks BeethTohvPeeh ni:l oosfMo upshiyc IntrodtuoSc otciioonl ogy ProbloefMm osr al Philosophy MetaphCyosniccaesnpP:dtr oblems KanCtr'isti oqfuP eu rRee ason StaonrfdU niverPsrietsys StanfCoarldoi,r fnia Translcaotpiyorn©i g2h0t0P0 oliPtrye sFsi.rp sutb liisnhte hdUe . Kb.y Polity Press. Firpsutb liisnht ehdUe . S.bAyS. t aonrfdU niverPsriets2ys0 0,0 . Firpsutb liisnhGe edr maansyE ieniltuinndg iS eo zlioog©i 1e99 3 SuhrkaVmepr lag. ISB0N- 804476-8-34 LibroafrC yo ngrCeastsa lCoagrN du mbe9r9:0 75607 Thibso oiksp rinotnea dc irde-pefa per. Lasfti gubreel oiwn dicyaetaoerfst hipsr inting: 10 CONTENTS LECTUREO NE 1 Professpiroonsaple acntdis n tentoifos oncsi olo•g Siosctisgo yl o ase ducatisotnuadly aassn odc iaulsleyfw uolr k• Difficulties inp lnaninag c ourosfes tud•yT heu niverasssi cthyo aonld academfirce ed•o Gma psa ndl eawphse ns tudying • Discontionfku niotwydl gee• Introduec ctiotonrn ario • Sociolaosag gyg lome•r Tahteei nhogmeoneiotfsy o ciology inC omtet:h sec ientifitch epa hnidl osopihdiecaall LECTURET WO 10 Antagonism swoictihoil•no S goyc iolosgtya'ntsco ew ards polit•i Ncesg atiooftn r uth, methoddioslpouagtniedc al technoc•rA afcfiyr matcihvaer acotfse orc iolionCg oym te: stataincdd ynamic; otfhp eroordyu cftoirvceie nMs a rx • Paretcoi:r culoafte ilointa ends c ycolefh istory • Socioliosg yi nisnitgtohh tee ssenitnis aolc ieatgya;i nst definit•i 'oaBndsi nfitnyio'f t hes ubejcmta ttoefrs ociology; interients htee ssenatnida' lrd egosft hew orlodfp henomena' •P raxis LECTURET HREE 19 Hactk o tqhuee stoifot nh ee ssen•t Pioasli tivsitsamn'dsp oint towardtsh ec onceopfet s senpcoes:i tisvoicsito logy guided byr eseamrecthh oadnsd s etta sktsh;er esearch technician VI CONTENTS • Relatioonfse hsispe ntcoae p peraanc•eT heo bejctilvaew osf motioonfs ocietthyce;o nceopftcs l aasnsd c lass-consciousness • Class-conscainodui snnteesgsr arteiloant;i otnoes mhpiipr icism •T hec onceopfet s sen•cT eh ep robloefmp ragmatism: relatioonfts hheiopar nyd p rax•iT sh ec onceopfst o ciety LECTUREF OUR 27 Dilaectiscoacli olaongdpy r axsitsa;n dptooiwnatr rdesf orm • Sociy entotd efinab•Tl yep eosf s ociaetnydt hed ilaectical conceopfst o cie• Atlyb erpto'lse maigca intsheta bstract conceopfst o ci•eT thye o bejctigvreo unfdo arb straction: thee xchanrgeel atio'nssohciipae;sta y f'u ncticoonnacle pt; critiqtuheep oosfi ticvriistteo rfit ohnem eanionfgf acts • Mediation LECTUREF IVE 35 Announcemoefln etc tbuyrF er ederWiycakto tn A merican studepnrto te•s Ctosn tinuaotfai noaynls iosft hceo ncept of socieDtuyr;k hme'isc onceopftt h e'm ipenetra•b Clrei't ioqfu e Durkheihmy'pso sstiazionfsg o ciaetsay ' secongdr-eddeea tum' •T hed ilaecticcoanlc eopfst o cie•T thye d ilaectmiceadli ation ofi ndiviadnudsa olc i•eT thye dynamic opfrti hnec iple expansoifoc na pita•l Sipsemn cedre'fiisnt ioofnt hed ynamic asa dvanciinntge gra•tI inotne graatnidao dna ptation •T he histdoirlaieccatolifi c n tegraatniddo finef rentiation • Relapisnetm oe taphysAigcasi?no srtg aniacnidhs otl istic notioonfss o ci•e Atlyi enation LECTURES IX 44 Antagonoifsi mn teraensdtg sr owiinrgr atliiotonyfas ociety; integraatnido nnd tiesgiraitnif oans ci•s Smo cie-tay metaphysciocnacle? p Stcheuch's •p Roelgermeiscst ioo n pre-critthiicngak?li• n Mediatbieotnw efeanc atn dc oncept; thes ituaitniB oernl ianf ttehrea ssassinaatttiemoopnnt Dutschke; pr•T ohgen osseilse cetxiaomnp lioenfts h el ectures •T hep rescsa mpaiaggna intshetB erlsitnu de•nT thse i lsliuon ofc oncret•eT nheese sx ampolfep oliteidcuacla tion •T hep aradoofxs ocieetxaplee rnicee;m piricainsdm restriecxtpeedr ie•nT cheei deoaf u nregirnenetxepde rience CONTENTS Vil LECTURES EVEN 53 Probleomfts h es ubdiviosfsi oocni olgoegnye:ra anlds pecialist sociolhoigsyt;o rdiecvaell opomefsn otc iology; sociology and philoso•p Shayit n-Simaonnd Com•tT ehe s o-ca'lhlyepdh en­ sociolodgainegsoe'fr;c oncret•i Esxmc ursuusn iovne rsity reforamu:t onoomfys cholarosr'h liepa gr fnaicntories' •T heoretsioccailo lnoogtay n a bstrgaecnte rality •T hei mportaonfcc oem paraitnisvieg ehtthsn;o logy anda nthropo'lcoognyc;rt eottea lity' LECTUREE IGHT 62 Sociolnoogtay s umo fi ndivifidnudailn tghsec; o nceopft scien•c Feo ramilzataisop na nac?e aT•h ep robloefm speciali•z Haitsitoonr ical deovfte hleto epnmdeenntc y towarfdorsm ailzat(iioSmnm el•)T hew eakneosffs o rmal socioltohgemy o:d eolf t he' socgiyoo lfoc onfl•i Scot-'c alled 'value-neu•tT rhaerl eiltayt'i oonfms ehtihpo tdos ubecjtm atter LECTUREN INE 71 Critioqfut eh es eparatimoent hooafdn ds ubcjtme atter • Subejcatn do bjeocfts ocioliongtye rtw•iT nheefd r uitfulness ofs ociolomgaitceiaraltl h;eD armstadt comsmtuundiiteys •T hem ethosdh oubledd erivferdo m stuhbeej cmta tter; thse elf-suffiocfmi eetnhcoytd h;es caltiencgh ni•qT uheea poria ofq uainttatainvdqe u ailtative kn•oA wtlteedmgpest oeldu tions: the' cliniinctaelr v'iseiwn'g;su plhaerra en'd' spheorfpe l ruality' • Fetishiozfamt eitohnoa dn dl ososft he' transcenldoecnit'a l • Disagreeomveenrt metDhuorkdh:e iamn dM axW eber; thep robloefmv aleu freed•o Dmi spuotvee mre thoidnt he hsitoroyfd ogma• Conjiunragw ayo ft he con•cN eaprtr owing bym ethodology LECTURET EN 80 (: onuraitnioofnt hed iscusosfim oent hotdh;ed ispuotvee r methoidsa dispuotveec ro nte•nT th er elatioonfms ehtihpo d toc onetnitn D urkheiamn dM axW ebert;h eu nnitelliigni ble c/}()• sMaixs mWee ber's fdoeirm natnedbl ilyli igCt•io mpulsion 10f oram d ilaectitchaeloo rfys oci•e Cthyo iocfem ethondo t fortuit•o Cuosn figura•t Ciroint ioqfu ei deo•l Sotmgiuyl us and respo•n Lsaes sewll''cso ntaennaytls i•s Q'u antitative ;11q1udla tiatimvoem ent• Asn alsyiosfm entparlo ducts Vilt CONTENTS LECTURE ELEVEN 89 Probleomfqs u antitaantayilsviets h;ef a lsifiayb oifhl yiptotheses (oPpperr)e;i fica•t Pioolny valoefn' ceiymt s•' C ubio na • Thei deoaf t hew hol•e T hes ocailc onteonfit n etllectual foramtiotnhse;ti wro foclhdra act•e Trh er oloeft heh istory ofd ogmian s oclioogtya;l ka bouotb socleensc• eE xampflreo m theh istoorfdy o mga:C omte, Spence• rT,h enT oatr-doeb es olet LECTURET WELVE 99 Demarcatoifso onc lioogfyr omo thedrsi ciplinneecess;so fi ty a divisoiflo anob ur• Specificsaolcliyo lomgeitchaold s • Techniqoufee msp iriscocailar le sea•r Ccrhi tioqfut eh e demanfdo ar s ociolwohgiyc' hs eetkobs e notbhuitn g socioyl'so:og cioliosng oyta 'sucbtj•'e D ififculotfyl m iitgi n thefi elodf s ociol• oDgeyfi nitoifos onc iolionMg ayx W eber; thec onceopft' socaicaitlo n• 'T hei nterpreotfas otciioanl actisoocni:a 'lme aning' LECTURET HIRTEEN 108 Reflecotnit ohned ivisoiflo anb obuyr referencweh otloe the • Dangeorfs elf-sufoficfsi oecnicoyl orgeifclaelc• tEivoenr y areoaf s ujbecmta ttseere ktsot ranscietns;det lhfceo ncruentiye t ofs ocie• Styo cimaolm entasn dc onnectwiiohtnisin d nividual areas: thoef p msoydcehlo ana• Tlyhseci osn ceopftt h e'i vtla nee'd;th es pheorfe' archiamiaecgs' • Incidecnotmamle notn Jungt'hse oorfy tchoel lecutnicvoen sc•i Foreuusd d'isla ectical analyosfti hsei ndivitdhueea gloa; n d thei d• Thes uper-ego • Thed ilaectoiftc h ep artuilcaarn dt heg enerianFl r eud • Indiviadnudsa olc ieDtuyr;k hme'ist heoorfys uiec id LECTUREF OURTEEN 117 Deatohf F rzi Btaue• rA nnouncemoefan lte ctbuyrE er nesto GrasosniV ic•o ' uPres'o ciolobgeyi nriges d ucteoad p pldi e stati•s Tthieci sd etaylp aen d thoirsimcaatle arlii nM axW eber • Againstth ea utonoomfyc once•p Mtas xW ebears ' not founidnt hoef ficial' M;ga uxiW deebers'osc ioloofag uyt hority • The' a-thoirsilcc'ao nstruocftt ihoein d etaylp etsh:em odeolf charismaauttihco r• iTthyed ubious oiftd hee'a plu riotfay ' dicsiplifneeaor;fc ontawcitt oht hedric sipelsi• nFetishoifs m 'thsec ientainfidpc r'e scieenxtpiefirci etnhcreee ;s tricted experioefnp cuer sec ience CONTENTS IX LECTUREF IFTEEN 127 Prelinmairrye maroknf urthceoru rosfet hel ectures • Fetishizoafst ciioennt cheem; o tfio fs ocoigoyl'csl aim to powerP;l oa'tcso nceptoifto hnep hilosopnhgesrM;-a kninehim's notioofnt he'r fee-floianttiecnltglul eas•' I ntentiosno cainadl conteinntt h eh istoorfdy o gmaC;o mtaen dS penc•e Sro cioogly's demanfdo dr ominantcoed atyh:ce o ntroofsl oc iasli tuations; theM ayos tud• yT hei rratiiontn haesl e emirnagt ionality of bourgeois • sTohceci ueltotyft hes mall irrational group; 'cow soci• oSloocgiyo'la osag nya genocyfs ocicaoln trtohle; technotcirzaatoifto hnes ocioloigdiec•a aTllh et asokfc riticism LECTURES IXTEEN 136 Subcjtea ndo bjceti ns ociol• o'gAyd minraitsitrvees earacnhd' thied eoaflt otal atdrmaitn•ii Sosenp aratisoonc ioofla ongdy socipahloi slop?h •y Thei deolofguinccatloi fot nh aeb stract sciendtiivfiics oiflo anb o•u Trh es eparaotfis oonc iology and political jescutoinfiocmayot;fai coanl flo pro liteiccoanlo my • Abstracftriooimnt s orwani dse'otn•r See -lrfefleocft ion scientchece;o nceopfpt o liteiccoanlo miynM arx• Affirmation • Relatsihoitnpoh istory LECTURES EVENTEEN 145 Thec onstitsuitginviefi coafhn sicteo rhyi;s tosrtoyr uepdi n phenometnhade;i mensoifoi nn terpre•t Pautbiilcos np here andh isto• Trhye a bsolusttea toufts h ep resemnotm ent • Coincidoefnt cheem omentaarnydt her eifitehde; blinnedsosfa nti-histsoorciicoal•l oH giys tordiectaelr minateness ofk nowledMgaer:x ''sT hesoenFs e uerba• cOht'h eerx amples: DurkheainmdM axW eberd;a ngoefri ntellehcitsutoatrlhy e; resiscteao nfM arxisaonc ioltoopg syy cohgoylt;h er oloeft he subejctifvaec ttohrec; u ltuirnueds tr• yA wordo na na cademic matter EDITOR'S NOTES 155 EDITOR'S AFTERWORD 190 TRANSLATOR'S AFTERWORD 193 INDEX 195 WhenA doranopr povetdhp eu bclaitioofan s eroifee sx temploercet iunr es 1962h,e q uailfiehdi asp provaclo mmbeyn ttihnagt inh iski ndo fw orkt he!> pokeann dw rittweonr dpsr obabdliyev gredm ore wideltyh awna sc ommonplaroc<laey .W ereh eto speaaks h ew aso bligbeyd thed ictaotfoe bsj ectdiivsec outrows rei thee,w oulrde maiinn comprehensible. Butn othisnpgo kebnyh imc oulmde etth ed emandhsep lacoenda tex[t. .. .] Int hew idesprteeandd entcory e coarndd d issemienxatteem posrpee echhees , sawa symptoomf t heb ehavioouftr h ea dministweorrelddw ,h icwha sn ow pinnidnogw nt hee phemewroarld t,h et rutohfw hiclha iyn i tvse rtyr ansience, andh olditnhge s peaktoe ri tu ndeora thT.h et aper ecordiisnl gi kteh e fingerproiftn htel ivimnign d. Thesweo rdasp pelvye mno rteo t hper espeunbitlc atoifto hnle a ascta demic lectguirvebesyn A dornion1, 96 8t,h yee abre fohrieds e atThh.e y aalors e thoen llye ctbuyrh eismo fw hicah tarpeec orhdaissnu gr viTvheiedsd. i tion theorregefo eass tefpu rtthhearAn d ornhoi msdeilwdfh ehne o ccsaionally pubhleidis mprovliescetdui rnse lsi grhetvliyfs oerdmB .yt ranscribing the tapree corldiitneg-r aaslf laayrs p ossi-tbhleeid si taitotne mtpoct osn vey whato therwwiosuelh da vbee einr retrievaab lliyv iinlmgop srte:s sion ofA dornloe'cst uhroewse,v ienra dequiatt emlayyr efblee icntp erdi nt. Readesrhso unlodtf orgfeotar m omentth atth eayr ree adniontga text byA dornbou,ta transcorfai tpatl' kt hter uotfhw hiclha iyn i tvse ry transience'. The appardooapcthie ntd h Een gltirsahn sliaset xipolna iinnt ehd'e T rans­ latoArft'esr word'. LECTURE ONE April 23 19681 Ladiaensd G entlemen, PerhaIpm sa yb ee xcusfeodrb einqgu,i tsei mpldyei,lg htteods ee youp reseinnst u cnhu mebrast t hiisn trodulcetcotruyIr twe o.u ld be disingenoufo umtseo c onceiat-l e ithferro my ouo rf romm yself. AndI a pprectihaceto en dfiencyeo us how mien by bheeirneegs, p e­ ciallvyi eiownf c ertvaoiinc wehsi chha vbee erna isientd h per eosfs latweh,i2c Iha ,m s urhea,v ceo me ytoou nro tiacsme u cha st om ine. On the othhaednr fIe eolb leidg,j sutb ecau.s..e[ hSouftr otmh e audie'nScpeeu:ap k!W 'el]nl o w- isnt'htel oudspewaokrkeirn g-? On theo thehra nId foebell igjesudt, becausaer est ohm earneyo f yout,o s aya feww ordasb out ctahreep erro spefcotrss t udeonft s sociology. Att hec onfereonftc heeD eutscGhees ellts fcohrSa ofzioloag ie3 numebro fs peakceormsp leadit nhatth eG esellts4hc haadff ailteod give uysoeuf iunlf ormaotnie omnp loympernots pefcotsrso ciologists. Iw oulpdo int tohuamtty c olleaignHu aem burgH,e inKzl uht;t'h e Chairmoafnt heC ommtitefeo Hri ghEedru cathiaonsi, nf actta ken greapta inst hiant maHtotweerv.eI rt ,h inIsk h ouallds pou tb efore you soomfte h em aterwieah la ve Firna nkfhuorwte,v ienra edquate itm ayb eb,e cauistwei lhle ltph osoefy ouw hor ealalrbyee ginnteor s makeaf receh oiocnew hethyeoru watnost t udsyo cioleosgpye,c ially asy oumra josru bcjteI.h avteo t elylo ut hatth ec areperro spects fosr ocioloagrein sottgs o odI.tw6 o uld hbieg hmliys leatdoig nlgo ss ovetrh ifsac tA.n df afrr oimm proviansgm ,i ghhta vbee eenx pected,