111333 EDITION Introduction to Psychology GATEWAYS TO MIND AND BEHAVIOR Dennis Coon John O. Mitterer Brock University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 1 9/21/11 11:56 AM Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning and Behavior, Thirteenth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may Dennis Coon / John O. 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Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/Wadsworth. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 2 9/21/11 11:56 AM To the many instructors and students who have used various editions of this book, all the way up to lucky thirteen. We offer our heartfelt thanks for the trust you have put in us. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 3 9/21/11 11:56 AM iv Preface About the Authors Dr. Dennis Coon is the author of Psychology: Modules for Active Learning and Psychology: A Journey, as well as Introduction to Psychology. Together, these texts have been used by more than 2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a reviewer and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling trade book Choices. He also helped design modules for PsychNow!, Cengage’s interactive CD-ROM. In his leisure hours, Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, wood- working, and music. He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars. He has published articles on guitar design and occasionally w opfsfyecrhs olelocgtuyr.es on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on Morgan/Rainbo Hank © John O. Mitterer was awarded his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from McMaster University. Currently, Dr. Mitterer is faculty member at Brock Univer- sity, where he has taught more than 25,000 introductory psychology students. He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award, a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) Teaching Award, a 2004 National 3M Teaching Fellowship, the 2005 Canadian Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology, and the 2010 Brock University Don Ursino Award for Excellence in the Teaching of Large Classes. He also held a three-year Brock Chancellor’s Chair for Teaching Excellence from 2006 to 2009. w graHduias tfei restd luocvaet iios nin. Ianp psluypinpgo rcto gonf ihtiivse ipnrtirnocdipulcetso troy tphsey cimhoplroogvye mcoeunrts oe,f uhne dhears- Morgan/Rainbo been involved in the production of textbooks and ancillary materials such as CD- Hank ROMs and websites for both students and instructors. Dr. Mitterer has published © and lectured on undergraduate instruction throughout Canada and the United States. In his spare time, Dr. Mitterer strives to become a better golfer and to attain his life goal of seeing all the bird species in the world. To this end, he recently traveled to Papua New Guinea, Uganda, the Galapagos, and China. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 4 9/23/11 10:56 AM Preface v Brief Contents Introduction: The Psychology of 10 Motivation and Emotion °°˜ Studying — Reflective Learning ˜ Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence — The Fine Art of ˜ Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods Self-Control °˘° ˜° Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media — Are You Fluent in ˜˜ Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 369 Klingon? ˛˛ Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems — When Pleasure Fades 393 ° Brain and Behavior ˝˜ ˜° Personality 403 Psychology in Action: Handedness — Are You Sinister or Dexterous? ˙˙ Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges — Understanding ˛ Human Development Shyness ˛°˝ ˆ° Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting — Always Kiss Your Children ˜˛ Health, Stress, and Coping ˛˛˜ Goodnight ˜˜˙ Psychology in Action: Stress Management ˛˘ˆ ˝ Sensation and Perception ˜ˇ˝ ˜˝ Psychological Disorders ˛˙˝ Psychology in Action: Pay Attention! — Becoming a Better Eyewitness Psychology in Action: Suicide — Lives on the Brink 505 to Life 160 ˜˙ Therapies ˙ States of Consciousness ˝˜˜ ˜˘˙ Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams 198 Help ˝°ˆ ˆ Conditioning and Learning 205 ˜ˆ Social Thinking and Social Influence ˝˛˙ Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management — A Rewarding Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training — Standing Up for Your Project ˇ°˛ Rights 570 ˇ Memory ˇ˛˜ ˜ˇ Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior ˝˙˝ Psychology in Action: Mnemonics — Memory Magic ˇ˘ˆ Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism — Living with Diversity 597 ˘ Cognition, Language, and Creativity ˇ˙˝ ˜˘ Applied Psychology 603 Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity — Brainstorms 297 Psychology in Action: Human Factors Psychology — Who’s the Boss 9 Intelligence Here? ˘ˇ˘ 303 Psychology in Action: Intelligent Intelligence Testing — User Appendix: Behavioral Statistics ˘°° Beware! °ˇ° References R-˜ Name Index I-˜ Subject Index/Glossary S-˜ v Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 5 9/23/11 12:22 PM vi Preface Contents Preface xvi A Brief History of Psychology — Psychology’s Family Album 23 Starting Off on the Right Foot ˝ Structuralism 24 Reflective Reading — How to Tame a Textbook ˙ Functionalism 24 How to Use Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind Behaviorism 24 and Behavior 3 Gestalt Psychology 25 Reflective Note Taking — LISAN Up! 4 Psychoanalytic Psychology 26 Using and Reviewing Your Notes 5 Humanistic Psychology 26 The Role of Diversity in Psychology ˙† Reflective Study Strategies — Making a Habit of Success 5 Psychology Today — Three Complementary Perspectives on Self-Regulated Learning — Academic All-Stars 6 Behavior ˙€ Procrastination — Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues 6 The Biological Perspective 29 Time Management 6 The Psychological Perspective 29 Goal Setting † The Sociocultural Perspective 30 Make Learning an Adventure † Psychologists — Guaranteed Not to Shrink 31 Reflective Test-Taking — Are You “Test Wise”? † Helping People 34 General Test-Taking Skills † Other Mental Health Professionals 34 Using Digital Media — Netting New Knowledge € The Psychology Experiment — Where Cause Meets Effect 35 Psychology CourseMate € Variables and Groups 35 CengageNOW 9 Evaluating Results 37 Psychology Resource Center 9 Double Blind — On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling Psychology Websites 9 Prophecies 37 A Final Word ˝› Research Participant Bias 37 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Psychology ˝˝ Researcher Bias 38 Gateway Questions Revisited ˝˝ Nonexperimental Research Methods — Different Strokes 39 Media Resources ˝˝ Naturalistic Observation 39 Correlational Studies 40 The Clinical Method 41 Introduction to Psychology 1 Survey Method 42 and Research Methods 13 Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media — Are You Fluent in Klingon? 44 Fly Like an Eagle 13 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Psychology 46 Psychology — Behave Yourself! 14 Gateway Questions Revisited 46 Seeking Knowledge in Psychology 14 Psychological Research 15 Media Resources 48 Psychology’s Goals 15 Feature Boxes (Highlights) Critical Thinking — Take It with a Grain of Salt ˝† • Critical Thinking: Testing Commonsense Beliefs 15 Critical Thinking Principles ˝† • Human Diversity: Who’s WEIRD? ˙€ Pseudopsychologies — Palms, Planets, and Personality ˝€ • Discovering Psychology: Is a Career in Psychology Right Problems in the Stars 19 for You? 33 Scientific Research — How to Think Like a Psychologist ˙› The Scientific Method ˙› Research Ethics ˙˙ vi Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 6 9/23/11 10:56 AM Preface vii 2 Brain and Behavior 51 3 Human Development 83 AA SSttrrookkee ooff BBaadd LLuucckk 51 IItt’’ss aa GGiirrll!! 83 Neurons — Building a “Biocomputer” “š Nature and Nurture — It Takes Two to Tango ’† Parts of a Neuron “š Heredity ’† The Nerve Impulse “š Environment ’€ Synapses and Neurotransmitters “† Reaction Range ’’ Neural Networks “€ The Newborn — More Than Meets the Eye ’• The Nervous System — Wired for Action “€ Motor Development 90 Research Methods — Charting the Brain’s Inner Realms 60 Perceptual and Cognitive Development 91 Mapping Brain Structure 60 Emotional Development •š Exploring Brain Function 61 Social Development — Baby, I’m Stuck on You 93 The Cerebral Cortex — My, What a Wrinkled Brain You Attachment •† Have! €† Day Care •“ Cerebral Hemispheres €† Attachment and Affectional Needs •€ Hemispheric Specialization €“ Parental Influences — Life with Mom and Dad •€ Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex €‘ Parenting Styles •€ The Subcortex — At the Core of the (Brain) Matter 71 Maternal and Paternal Influences •€ The Hindbrain 71 Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Parenting •‘ The Forebrain 73 Language Development — Who Talks Baby Talk? •’ The Whole Person ‘† Language and the Terrible Twos •• The Endocrine System — My Hormones Made Me Do It ‘† The Roots of Language •• Psychology in Action: Handedness — Are You Sinister or Cognitive Development — Think Like a Child 101 Dexterous? ‘‘ Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 101 Piaget Today 104 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Brain and Behavior 80 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 106 Gateway Questions Revisited 80 Adolescence and Young Adulthood — The Best of Times, the Media Resources 81 Worst of Times 107 Feature Boxes (Highlights) Puberty 107 • Critical Thinking: You Can Change Your Mind, But Can The Search for Identity 108 You Change Your Brain? “‘ Emerging Adulthood 109 • Brainwaves: Repairing Your Brain “• Moral Development — Growing a Conscience 110 • The Clinical File: Mirror, Mirror in the Brain €’ Levels of Moral Development 110 The Story of a Lifetime — Rocky Road or Garden Path? 111 • Human Diversity: His and Her Brains? 70 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 111 • The Clinical File: Trapped! ‘š Middle and Later Adulthood — You’re an Adult Now! 113 Other Challenges of Adulthood 113 A Midlife Crisis? 114 Facing the Challenges of Adulthood 114 Old Age 114 Death and Dying — The Final Frontier 115 Reactions to Impending Death 115 Implications 116 vii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 7 9/21/11 11:56 AM viii Contents Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting — Always Kiss Psychology in Action: Pay Attention! — Becoming a Better Your Children Goodnight 117 Eyewitness to Life 160 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Human Development 120 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Sensation and Gateway Questions Revisited 120 Perception 163 Media Resources 122 Gateway Questions Revisited 163 Feature Boxes (Highlights) Media Resources 164 • Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Attachment Feature Boxes (Highlights) Style? •“ • Brainwaves: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Here? 140 • Critical Thinking: Theory of Mind: I’m a Me!....and You’re • The Clinical File: Staying in Touch with Reality 144 a You! 105 • Human Diversity: Do They See What We See? 155 • Human Diversity: Ethnic Diversity and Identity 108 • Critical Thinking: The Twixters 109 5 States of Consciousness 167 4 Sensation and Perception 125 AA VViissiitt ttoo SSeevveerraall SSttaatteess ((ooff CCoonnsscciioouussnneessss)) 167 States of Consciousness — The Many Faces of TThhee TTrreeeess HHaavvee EEyyeess 125 Awareness 168 Sensory Processes — The First Step 126 Altered States of Consciousness 168 Selection 126 Sleep — Catching a Few ZZZs 168 Sensory Adaptation 126 The Need for Sleep 168 Sensory Analysis 127 Sleep Patterns 170 Sensory Coding 127 Stages of Sleep — The Nightly Roller Coaster 171 Vision — Catching Some Rays 128 Sleep Stages 171 Structure of the Eye 129 The Dual Process Hypothesis of Sleep 172 Rods and Cones 129 Sleep Disturbances — The Sleepy Time Blues 174 Color Vision 131 Insomnia 174 Seeing in the Dark 132 Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and Sleepsex 176 Hearing — Good Vibrations 134 Nightmares and Night Terrors 176 How We Hear Sounds 134 Sleep Apnea 176 Smell and Taste — The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can’t Narcolepsy 177 Tell 137 Dreams — A Separate Reality? 177 The Sense of Smell 137 REM Rebound 177 Taste and Flavors 138 Dream Theories 178 The Somesthetic Senses — Flying by the Seat of Your Dream Worlds 179 Pants 138 Hypnosis — Look into My Eyes 179 The Skin Senses 139 Theories of Hypnosis 180 Pain 139 The Reality of Hypnosis 180 The Vestibular System 141 Stage Hypnosis 182 Perception — The Second Step 142 Meditation and Sensory Deprivation — Chilling, the Healthy Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing 144 Way 183 Gestalt Organizing Principles 144 Meditation 183 Perceptual Constancies 147 Sensory Deprivation 183 Selective Attention — Tuning In and Tuning Out 148 Positive Psychology: Mindfulness and Well-Being 184 Depth Perception — What If the World Were Flat? 149 Drug-Altered Consciousness — The High and Low of It 185 Binocular Depth Cues 150 Drug Dependence 186 Monocular Depth Cues 151 Patterns of Abuse 187 Perceptual Learning — Believing Is Seeing 154 Uppers — Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Perceptual Expectancies 154 Nicotine 187 Motives, Emotions, and Perception 155 Amphetamines 187 Perceptual Habits 155 Cocaine 189 Extrasensory Perception — Do You Believe in Ghosts? 158 MDMA (“Ecstasy”) 190 Caffeine 190 An Appraisal of ESP 158 Nicotine 191 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 33633__fm_i-xxxi.indd 8 9/21/11 11:56 AM