INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH: GATEWAYS TO MIND/BEHAVIOR 11th Edition Dennis Coon INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH: GATEWAYS TO MIND/BEHAVIOR Dennis Coon Executive Editors: Production/Manufacturing Supervisor: Rights and Permissions Specialists: Michele Baird, Maureen Staudt & Donna M. Brown Kalina Hintz and Connee Draper Michael Stranz Pre-Media Services Supervisor: Cover Image Project Development Manager: Becki Walker Getty Images* Linda de Stefano Marketing Coordinators: Lindsay Annett and Sara Mercurio © 2007 Thomson Wadsworth, a part of ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of The Adaptable Courseware Program the Thomson Corporation. 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About the Authors After earning a doctorate in psychology from the University of Arizona, Dennis Coon taught for 22 years at Santa Barbara City College, California. Throughout his career, Dr. Coon has especially enjoyed the challenge of teaching introductory psychology. He and his wife, Sevren, have returned to Tucson, where he continues to teach, write, edit, and consult. Dr. Coon is the author of Introduction to Psychology and Psychology: A Journey, as well as Essen- tials of Psychology. Together, these texts have been used by over 2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a reviewer and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling trade book, Choices. He also helped design modules for PsychNow!, Wadsworth’s interactive CD-ROM. In his leisure hours, Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, woodworking, and mu- sic. He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars. He has pub- lished articles on guitar design and occasionally offers lectures on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on psychology. New contributor John Mitterer was awarded his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from McMaster University. Currently, Dr. Mitterer teaches at Brock University, where he has taught over 20,000 introductory psychology students. He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award, a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associa- tions (OCUFA) Teaching Award, a 2004 3M Teaching Fellowship, and the 2005 Canadian Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology. Dr. Mitterer’s primary research focus is on basic cognitive processes in learning and teaching. As a consultant for a variety of companies, such as Bell Northern Research, Unisys Corpora- tion, IBM Canada, and computer-game developer Silicon Knights, he has applied cognitive principles. His professional focus, however, is in applying cognitive principles to the im- provement of undergraduate education. In support of his introductory psychology course, he has been involved in the production of textbook materials for both students and instruc- tors and has adapted an introductory psychology textbook for use in Canada. Dr. Mitterer has published and lectured on undergraduate instruction throughout Canada and the United States. He continues to work on his ultimate dream, a fully integrated, instructional learning environment for the teaching and learning of introductory psychology, including textbook, electronic, and web-based components. In his spare time, Dr. Mitterer strives to become a better golfer and to attain his life goal of seeing all of the bird species in the world. To this end, he recently went to Peru, South Africa, Venezuela, and Australia. 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 55//2266//0066 22::2244::0011 PPMM 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iivv 55//2266//0066 22::2244::0033 PPMM Brief Contents Introduction: The Psychology of Studying 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods 11 1 Psychology in Action: Psychology in the News—Separating Fact from Fiction 46 Brain and Behavior 51 2 Psychology in Action: Handedness—If Your Brain Is Right, What’s Left? 77 Child Development 83 3 Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting—Raising Healthy Children 115 From Birth to Death: Life-Span Development 121 4 Psychology in Action: Well-Being and Happiness—What Makes a Good Life? 150 Sensation and Reality 155 5 Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain—This Won’t Hurt a Bit 184 Perceiving the World 188 6 Psychology in Action: Perception and Objectivity—Believing Is Seeing 217 States of Conciousness 223 7 Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams 256 Conditioning and Learning 261 8 Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management—A Rewarding Project 291 Memory 296 9 Psychology in Action: Mnemonics—Memory Magic 324 Cognition, Language, and Creativity 329 10 Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity—Brainstorms 356 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vv 55//2266//0066 22::2244::0033 PPMM vi BRIEF CONTENTS Intelligence 362 11 Psychology in Action: How Intelligent Are Intelligence Tests? 382 Motivation and Emotion 387 12 Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence—The Fine Art of Self-Control 422 Gender and Sexuality 426 13 Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems—When Pleasure Fades 450 Personality 458 14 Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges—Understanding Shyness 491 Health, Stress, and Coping 496 15 Psychology in Action: Stress Management 525 Psychological Disorders 531 16 Psychology in Action: Suicide—Lives on the Brink 563 Therapies 569 17 Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Finding Professional Help 596 Social Behavior 604 18 Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training—Standing Up for Your Rights 627 Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations 631 19 Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism—Living with Diversity 656 Applied Psychology 661 20 Psychology in Action: Improving Communication at Work 686 Appendix: Behavioral Statistics 690 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Photo Credits C-1 Name Index N-1 Subject Index S-1 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vvii 55//2266//0066 22::2244::0033 PPMM Contents Introduction: The Psychology Gestalt Psychology 19 of Studying 1 The Role of Women in Psychology’s Early Days 19 Psychoanalytic Psychology 20 The SQ4R Method—How to Tame a Textbook 1 Humanistic Psychology 21 How to Use Gateways to Mind and Behavior 2 Psychology Today—Five Views of Behavior 21 Effective Note-Taking—Good Students, Take Recent Trends 22 Note! 3 Positive Psychology 22 Using and Reviewing Your Notes 3 Summary 22 Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Human Diversity—Appreciating Social and Success 4 Cultural Differences 22 Self-Regulated Learning—Academic The Impact of Culture 23 All-Stars 5 Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink 24 Procrastination—Avoiding the Last-Minute Psychologists 25 Blues 5 Other Mental Health Professionals 26 Time Management 5 The Profession of Psychology 27 Goal Setting 6 Specialties in Psychology 27 Make Learning an Adventure 6 Scientifi c Research—How to Think Like a Taking Tests—Are You “Test Wise”? 6 Psychologist 28 General Test-Taking Skills 6 The Scientifi c Method 29 Using Electronic Media—Netting New Research Methods 31 Knowledge 7 Naturalistic Observation—Psychology Steps Electronic Journeys 7 Out! 31 The Psychology Resource Center 8 Limitations 31 Psych Sites 8 Recording Observations 32 Multimedia CD-ROMs 9 Correlational Studies—In Search of the A Final Word 9 Perfect Relationship 32 Web Resources 10 Correlation Coeffi cients 32 Interactive Learning 10 Relationships in Psychology 33 The Psychology Experiment—Where Cause Introduction to Psychology Meets Effect 35 1 Variables and Groups 35 and Research Methods 11 Evaluating Results 36 Preview: Why Study Psychology? 12 Placebo Effects—Sugar Pills and Saltwater 37 Controlling Placebo Effects 37 Psychology—Spotlight on Behavior 12 The Experimenter Effect 38 What Is Psychology? 12 The Clinical Method—Data by the Case 39 Seeking Empirical Evidence 12 Psychological Research 13 Survey Method—Here, Have a Sample 40 Science and Critical Thinking 14 Critical Thinking Revisited—Evaluating Claims Research Specialties 14 and Evidence 42 Animals and Psychology 15 A Case Study of Critical Thinking 42 Psychology’s Goals 16 Pseudo-Psychologies—Palms, Planets, and A Brief History of Psychology—Psychology’s Personality 43 Family Album 17 Uncritical Acceptance 44 Into the Lab 17 Positive Instances 44 Structuralism 17 The Barnum Effect 44 Functionalism 18 Summary: Science and Critical Thinking 45 Behaviorism 18 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vviiii 55//2266//0066 22::2244::0044 PPMM viii CONTENTS Psychology in Action: Feature Boxes (Highlights) Psychology in the News—Separating Fact from (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: Dollars, Drag Racing, Fiction 46 and the Nervous System 56 Chapter in Review 48 (cid:127) Focus on Research: Neural Network Flies F-22 Jet Web Resources 50 Fighter 57 Interactive Learning 50 (cid:127) The Clinical File: A Stroke of Bad Luck 66 Feature Boxes (Highlights) (cid:127) Human Diversity: His and Her Brains? 70 (cid:127) Critical Thinking: Testing Common-Sense (cid:127) Critical Thinking: If You Change Your Mind Do You Beliefs 13 Change Your Brain? 74 (cid:127) The Clinical File: The Golden Psi 25 (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: Is a Career in Psychology Right for You? 27 Child Development 83 3 (cid:127) Focus on Research: Investigating the Placebo Preview: A Star Is Born—Here’s Effect—Can Placebos Heal? 38 Amy! 84 (cid:127) Human Diversity: Is There a Gender Bias in Heredity and Environment—The Nurture of Psychological Research? 41 Nature 84 Heredity 84 Brain and Behavior 51 Genetic Programming 85 2 Environment 86 Preview: Finding Music in Tofu 52 Prenatal Infl uences 87 Neurons—Building a “Biocomputer” 52 Childbirth 88 Parts of a Neuron 52 Deprivation and Enrichment 88 The Nerve Impulse 52 Nature-Nurture Interactions 90 Synapses and Neurotransmitters 55 The Newborn Baby—The Basic Model Comes The Nervous System—Wired for Action 57 with Options 90 Neurons and Nerves 57 The World of the Neonate 91 Neural Networks 57 Maturation 93 Motor Development 93 Research Methods—Charting the Brain’s Inner Emotional Development 94 Realms 60 Social Development—Baby, I’m Stuck on You 95 New Images of the Living Brain 61 Social Referencing 95 The Cerebral Cortex—My, What a Big Brain You Imprinting 96 Have! 63 Attachment 97 Cerebrum 63 Attachment Quality 97 Cerebral Hemispheres 64 Motherless Monkeys 99 Hemispheric Specialization 65 Day Care 100 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 67 Play and Social Skills 100 The Subcortex—At the Core of the (Brain) Affectional Needs 100 Matter 71 Maternal and Paternal Infl uences—Life with The Hindbrain 71 Mom and Dad 101 The Forebrain 72 Optimal Caregiving 101 The Magnifi cent Brain 73 Parenting Styles 102 The Endocrine System—Hormones and Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Behavior 74 Parenting 103 Psychology in Action: Side Effects of Child Discipline 104 Handedness—If Your Brain Is Right, What’s Left? 77 Positive Psychology: Resilience in Chapter in Review 81 Childhood 105 Web Resources 82 Language Development—Fast-Talking Interactive Learning 82 Babies 106 Language Acquisition 106 Language and the Terrible Twos 106 The Roots of Language 106 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vviiiiii 55//2266//0066 22::2244::1100 PPMM CONTENTS ix Cognitive Development—How Do Children Challenges of Adulthood—Charting Life’s Ups Learn to Think? 109 and Downs 138 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 110 Adult Development 138 Piaget and Parenting 112 A Midlife Crisis? 139 Piaget Today 112 Middle Age 140 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 114 Positive Psychology: Well-Being at Midlife 140 Psychology in Action: Aging—Will You Still Need Me When I’m 64? 141 Effective Parenting—Raising Healthy Children 115 The Course of Aging 141 Chapter in Review 119 Positive Psychology: Successful Aging 143 Web Resources 120 Ageism 145 Interactive Learning 120 Countering Myths About Aging 145 Feature Boxes (Highlights) Death and Dying—The Curtain Falls 146 (cid:127) Human Diversity: Children of Poverty 89 Reactions to Impending Death 146 Bereavement and Grief 148 (cid:127) The Clinical File: Beyond Homesickness 97 Psychology in Action: (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Well-Being and Happiness—What Makes a Good Attachment Style? 98 Life? 150 (cid:127) Critical Thinking: The Pampered Child 105 Chapter in Review 152 (cid:127) Focus on Research: A Child’s Theory of Mind— Where to Write for Information 153 Other People, Other Minds 111 Web Resources 153 Interactive Learning 154 Feature Boxes (Highlights) From Birth to Death: Life- 4 (cid:127) The Clinical File: Children and Divorce—What Are Span Development 121 the Risks? 126 (cid:127) Focus on Research: Trapped by Anger: The “Rage Preview: The Story of a Lifetime 122 Radar” of Abused Children 130 The Cycle of Life—Rocky Road or Garden (cid:127) Human Diversity: The Twixters 135 Path? 122 The Life Span in Perspective 124 (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Life Expectancy? 143 Problems of Childhood—Why Parents Get Gray Hair 125 (cid:127) Critical Thinking: Near-Death Experiences—Back Normal Childhood Problems 125 from the Brink 148 Serious Childhood Problems 127 Feeding Disturbances 127 Sensation and Reality 155 Toilet-Training Disturbances 127 5 Speech Disturbances 127 Preview: Sensation—A Window on Learning Disorders 128 the World 156 Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder 128 Conduct Disorder 128 General Properties of Sensory Systems—What Autism 128 You See Is What You Get 156 Child Abuse—Cycles of Violence 129 Sensory Analysis and Coding 156 Characteristics of Abusive Parents 129 Psychophysics—Life at the Limit 158 The Abuse Cycle 130 Difference Thresholds 158 Preventing Child Abuse 130 Perceptual Defense and Subliminal Adolescence—The Best of Times, the Worst of Perception 158 Times 132 Vision—Catching Some Rays 160 Puberty 132 Structure of the Eye 160 Early and Late Maturation 132 Rods and Cones 161 The Search for Identity 133 Color Vision—There’s More to It Than Meets The Transition to Adulthood 135 the Eye 165 Moral Development—Growing a Conscience 135 Color Theories 165 Moral Dilemmas 136 Color Blindness and Color Weakness 166 Justice or Caring? 136 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iixx 55//2266//0066 22::2244::1177 PPMM x CONTENTS Dark Adaptation—Let There Be Light! 167 Perceptual Learning—What If the World Were Hearing—Good Vibrations 170 Upside Down? 202 Mechanisms of Hearing 170 Perceptual Habits 203 Adaptation Level 205 Smell and Taste—The Nose Knows When the Illusions 206 Tongue Can’t Tell 173 Motives and Perception—May I Have Your . . . The Sense of Smell 174 Attention! 209 Taste and Flavors 175 Attention and Perception 209 The Somesthetic Senses—Flying by the Seat of Habituation 210 Your Pants 177 Motives and Attention 210 The Skin Senses 177 Perceptual Expectancies—On Your Mark, Get The Vestibular System 179 Set 211 Adaptation, Attention, and Gating—Tuning In Ready, Set, Perceive 212 and Tuning Out 180 Extrasensory Perception—Do You Believe in Sensory Adaptation 180 Magic? 213 Selective Attention 181 Sensory Gating 181 An Appraisal of ESP 214 Stage ESP 215 Psychology in Action: Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain—This Won’t Hurt a Bit 184 Chapter in Review 186 Perception and Objectivity—Believing Is Seeing 217 Web Resources 187 Chapter in Review 221 Web Resources 222 Interactive Learning 187 Interactive Learning 222 Feature Boxes (Highlights) Feature Boxes (Highlights) (cid:127) Critical Thinking: Subliminal Seduction or Subliminal Myths? 159 (cid:127) Focus on Research: Designing for Human Use 193 (cid:127) Focus on Research: Blindsight: The “What” and (cid:127) Human Diversity: Do They See What We See? 205 the “Where” of Vision 164 (cid:127) The Clinical File: Staying in Touch with Reality 206 (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: Are You Color- (cid:127) C ritical Thinking: The “Boiled Frog Syndrome” 211 Blind? 168 (cid:127) The Clinical File: Artifi cial Hearing 172 States of Consciousness 223 (cid:127) Discovering Psychology: Are You a 7 Superstar? 176 Preview: A Visit to Several States (of (cid:127) The Clinical File: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Consciousness) 224 Here? 183 States of Consciousness—The Many Faces of Awareness 224 Perceiving the World 188 Altered States of Consciousness 224 6 Sleep—A Nice Place to Visit 224 Preview: Murder! 189 The Need for Sleep 225 Sleep Patterns 227 Perceptual Constancies—Taming an Unruly Stages of Sleep—The Nightly Roller-Coaster World 189 Ride 228 Perceptual Organization—Getting It All Stages of Sleep 229 Together 191 Two Basic Kinds of Sleep 230 Gestalt Principles 191 REM Sleep and Dreaming 230 Depth Perception—What If the World Were Sleep Disturbances—Showing Nightly: Sleep Flat? 195 Wars! 232 Muscular Cues 196 Insomnia 232 Stereoscopic Vision 197 Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking 233 Pictorial Cues for Depth—A Deep Topic 199 Nightmares and Night Terrors 233 Pictorial Depth Cues 199 Sleep Apnea 234 11555533XX__0000aa__FFMM__ii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd xx 55//2266//0066 22::2244::2233 PPMM