Introduction to Political Theory Introduction to Political Theory is a text for the twenty-first century. It shows students why an understanding of theory is crucial to an understanding of issues and events in a rapidly shifting global political landscape. Bringing together classic and contemporary political concepts and ideologies into one book, this new text introduces the major approaches to political issues that have shaped the modern world, and the ideas that form the currency of political debate. Introduction to Political Theoryrelates political ideas to political realities through effective use of examples and case studies making theory lively, contentious and relevant. This updated third edition comes with significant revisions, which reflect the latest questions facing political theory, such as the French burqa controversy, ethnic nationalism and the value of research from sociobiology. Accompanying these debates is a wealth of new and thought-provoking case studies for discussion, including (consensual) sadomasochism, affirmative action and same-sex marriage. A new chapter on difference has also been added to complement those on feminism and multiculturalism. The revised glossary, revamped website for further reading and new streamlined layout makeIntroduction to Political Theory, third edition, the perfect accompani- ment to undergraduate study. John Hoffmanhas taught in the Department of Politics, University of Leicester since 1970. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Political Theory, having retired at the end of September 2005. He has written widely on Marxism, feminism and Political Theory, with his most recent book being Citizenship Beyond the State (2004). He is currently working on John Gray and the problem of utopia. Paul Graham is Senior Lecturer in Politics and Director of Programmes at Buckingham University. He has written on German and Anglo-American Political Thought, with published work on John Rawls (Rawls, 2007) and Karl Heinz Bohrer. He also has a developing interest in sociobiological (Darwinian) approaches to politics. A Companion Website is available at www.routledge.com/cw/hoffman This is an outstandingly clear, accessible yet sophisticated introduction to political theory, primarily aimed at those new to the subject, but containing more than enough to engage and challenge even the most experienced politics undergraduate. The case studies – substantially updated since the second edition – highlight excellently how political theory can be applied in practice. Dr Mike Gough, University of East Anglia, UK Whether we know it or not, say Paul Graham and John Hoffman, we are all political theorists because our actions are guided by ideas. And they’re right. The issue is not so much whether we should do political theory, but how to do it better – and this book is an excellent place to start. The third edition of this marvellous text has been fully updated with lively case studies, designed to bring the full range of classical and contemporary ideas and ideologies to life. Advanced high school students, and university students coming to political theory for the first time, will appreciate this thorough introduction to the conversation that is political theory – and will relish being made to feel that they are participants in it, and not just spectators. Professor Andrew Dobson, Keele University, UK Introduction to Political Theory Third edition John Hoffman and Paul Graham This edition published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 John Hoffman and Paul Graham The right of John Hoffman and Paul Graham to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hoffman, John, 1944– Introduction to political theory/John Hoffman and Paul Graham. — Third edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4082-8592-3 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-1-138-84109-3 (hardback) — ISBN 9781315732985 (e-book) 1. Political science. I. Graham, Paul. II. Title. JA71.H6133 2015 320.01—dc23 2014030102 ISBN: 978-1-138-84109-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-408-28592-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-73298-5 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon Contents Preface to the third edition vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Part 1 Classical ideas What is power? 1 Chapter 1 The state 11 Chapter 2 Freedom 34 Chapter 3 Equality 54 Chapter 4 Justice 76 Chapter 5 Democracy 99 Chapter 6 Citizenship 118 Chapter 7 Punishment 141 Part 2 Classical ideologies What is ideology? 163 Chapter 8 Liberalism 171 Chapter 9 Conservatism 193 Chapter 10 Socialism 212 Chapter 11 Anarchism 237 Chapter 12 Nationalism 258 Chapter 13 Fascism 280 vi Contents Part 3 Contemporary ideologies What is a new social movement? 305 Chapter 14 Feminism 311 Chapter 15 Multiculturalism 335 Chapter 16 Ecologism 356 Chapter 17 Fundamentalism 378 Part 4 Contemporary ideas What do we mean by a new idea? 399 Chapter 18 Human rights 401 Chapter 19 Civil disobedience 422 Chapter 20 Political violence 444 Chapter 21 Difference 465 Chapter 22 Global justice 481 Conclusion 501 Glossary 503 Index 511 Preface to the third edition This is the third edition of Hoffman and Graham, Introduction to Political Theory. The first and second editions were published by Pearson Longman in 2006 and 2009 respectively. The book has established itself as a major text in many universities across the world and we have taken into account the valuable responses we have received. It is often argued that the rise of the Internet and 24-hour television with multiple channels has reduced the attention span of university students. This has not been our experience. Many students are keen to invest time in working through difficult texts and sometimes complex arguments. We have written the third edition with this audience in mind. As with the previous editions we start each chapter with a case study. We take the view that students new to political theory have already engaged in political theorising even though they may not be aware of it. If you have ever had an argument about who should have the right to vote, whether recreational drugs should be legal, if minority groups should get preferential treatment in the university application process or whether ‘hate speech’ should be prohibited, then you have already done some political theory. By the end of a course in political theory students should be better able to organise their arguments, paying attention to the coherence of those arguments and the extent to which they match up to empirical reality. Although the case studies used in the first two editions are still relevant we have refreshed many of them. This reflects the fact that popular debate moves on. For example, in the chapter on freedom we have replaced the discussion of smoking bans in public places with a discussion of (consensual) sadomasochism. While smoking bans still raise important issues about harm and consent (discussed in Chapter 2), because they are now so widely used there is little discussion of them in the media. Other case studies may have more regional appeal. Capital punishment is something of a ‘non-issue’ in Europe but of central importance in the United States. Nonetheless, even for European students, whether the state should execute people illustrates more general arguments about punishment (these are discussed in Chapter 7). One chapter dropped from the second edition (Chapter 21: Difference) has been restored. We took the view that difference was central to debates over feminism (Chapter 14) and multiculturalism (Chapter 15). We have streamlined the presentation of each chapter by eliminating the use of most boxes, too many of which simply distract from the flow of the argument. The website has also been overhauled. On it you will find many weblinks and other resources. viii Preface to the third edition The text is aimed at a university audience, but we hope that (high) school students – especially those who aspire to study politics and international relations at university – will find it interesting and challenging. Paul Graham John Hoffman Acknowledgements We would like to thank Andrew Taylor, Emma Chappell and Charlotte Endersby for all their help on the third edition of this book – the first to be published by Routledge. We are also grateful for the support received by Morten Fuglevand and David Cox on the first two editions, which were published by Pearson Education. We continue to find working together on this book a stimulating and enjoyable experience. Both of us are committed to making political theory more accessible and lively and have tried to write a book that is stimulating, provocative and interesting. John Hoffman I would like to thank the publishers of the Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology, Cambridge University Press, for permission to draw upon entries submitted to this project. I am also very grateful to Edinburgh University Press for permission to use material that has also been submitted to a Political Glossary dealing with political theory, and to Sage Publications Ltd. who have kindly allowed me to draw upon Citizenship Beyond the State that appeared last year. I have been supported by my partner, Rowan Roenisch, and my son, Fred, and daughter, Frieda. All three have encouraged me in the project. Paul Graham I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, Douglas and Heather Graham, for their support and encouragement. I would also like to thank my colleagues at Buckingham University for providing a new – and stimulating – environment in which to work and for all the students at Buckingham, and at my previous university – Glasgow – who have taken my courses in political theory.