79137_fm_rev03.indd 6 10/09/14 3:41 PM AN INTRODUCTION TO Physical Science Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 1 10/09/14 3:41 PM This Fourteenth Edition is dedicated to the editors (in particular, Brandi Kirksey, Alison Eigel Zade, Malvine Litten, and Rachel Morris) who helped make the textbook what it is today. J. D. W., C. A. H., and O. T. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev04.indd 2 16/09/14 10:07 AM SHIPMAN • WILSON • HIGGINS • TORRES AN INTRODUCTION TO Physical Science mages Getty I wer 2010/Flickr/ Fourteenth Edition © Tony Pro JAMES T. SHIPMAN Ohio University JERRy D. WILSON Lander University CHARLES A. HIGGINS, Jr. Middle Tennessee State University OMAR TORRES College of the Canyons Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 3 15/09/14 4:02 PM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 6 10/09/14 3:41 PM An Introduction to Physical Science, © 2016, 2013, 2009 Cengage Learning Fourteenth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 James T. Shipman Jerry D. Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Charles A. 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Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor-specific resources. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev04.indd 4 17/09/14 4:42 PM Brief Contents Chapter 1 Measurement 1 Chapter 2 Motion 27 Chapter 3 Force and Motion 51 Chapter 4 Work and Energy 81 Chapter 5 Temperature and Heat 108 Chapter 6 Waves and Sound 141 Chapter 7 Optics and Wave Effects 165 Chapter 8 Electricity and Magnetism 199 Chapter 9 Atomic Physics 235 Chapter 10 Nuclear Physics 265 Chapter 11 The Chemical Elements 305 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding 333 Chapter 13 Chemical Reactions 363 Chapter 14 Organic Chemistry 394 Chapter 15 Place and Time 423 Chapter 16 The Solar System 451 Chapter 17 Moons and Small Solar System Bodies 482 Chapter 18 The Universe 511 Chapter 19 The Atmosphere 546 Chapter 20 Atmospheric Effects 579 Chapter 21 Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics 615 Chapter 22 Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes 646 Chapter 23 Surface Processes 678 Chapter 24 Geologic Time 704 v Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 5 10/09/14 3:41 PM Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 6 10/09/14 3:41 PM Contents Preface xii  3.7  Momentum 68 3.2 HIGHLIGHT Surface Tension, Water Striders, and Soap About the Authors xvii Bubbles 69 Key Terms 75, Matching 75, Multiple Choice 75, Fill In The Blank 76, Short Answer 76, Chapter 1  Measurement 1 Visual Connection 77, Applying your Knowledge 78,  1.1  The Physical Sciences 2 Important Equations 78, Exercises 79  1.2  Scientific Investigation 3  1.3  The Senses 4 Chapter 4  Work and Energy 81 1.1 HIGHLIGHT The “Face” on Mars 5  1.4  Standard Units and Systems of Units 6  4.1  Work 82 1.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Time and Time Again 10  4.2  Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 84  1.5  More on the Metric System 12 4.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Double Zero 89  1.6  Derived Units and Conversion Factors 14  4.3  Conservation of Energy 89 1.2 HIGHLIGHT Is Unit Conversion Important? 4.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A The Race Is On 91 It Sure Is. 19  4.4  Power 92  1.7  Significant Figures 20 4.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Payment for Power 95 Key Terms 22, Matching 22, Multiple Choice 22,  4.5  Forms of Energy and Consumption 95 Fill In The Blank 23, Short Answer 23, 4.1 HIGHLIGHT Ice That Burns 97 Visual Connection 24, Applying your Knowledge 24,  4.6  Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources 98 Important Equation 24, Exercises 25 4.2 HIGHLIGHT Hybrids and Hydrogen 102 Key Terms 103, Matching 103, Multiple Choice 103, Fill In The Blank 104, Short Answer 104, Chapter 2  Motion 27 Visual Connection 105, Applying your Knowledge 106,  2.1  Defining Motion 28 Important Equations 106, Exercises 106  2.2  Speed and Velocity 29  2.3  Acceleration 33 Chapter 5  Temperature and Heat 108 2.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Putting the Pedal to the Metal 36 2.1 HIGHLIGHT Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa 37  5.1  Temperature 109 2.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A And the Winner Is . . . 39 5.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Shake It Down 110 2.2 HIGHLIGHT Terminal Velocity—Don’t Fail Me Now! 40 5.1 HIGHLIGHT Human Body Temperature 113  2.4  Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion 40 5.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A The Easy Approximation 113  2.5  Projectile Motion 43  5.2  Heat 113 2.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Hanging in There 44 5.2 HIGHLIGHT Freezing from the Top Down 115 Key Terms 46, Matching 46, Multiple Choice 46,  5.3  Specific Heat and Latent Heat 116 Fill In The Blank 47, Short Answer 47, 5.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Under Pressure 122 Visual Connection 48, Applying your Knowledge 48,  5.4  Heat Transfer 123 Important Equations 49, Exercises 49 5.4 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Hug the Rug 124  5.5  Phases of Matter 125  5.6  The Kinetic Theory of Gases 127 Chapter 3  Force and Motion 51  5.7  Thermodynamics 130 5.3 HIGHLIGHT Hot Gases: Aerosol Cans and Popcorn 131  3.1  Force and Net Force 52 5.5 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Common Descriptions 133  3.2  Newton’s First Law of Motion 53 3.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A You Go Your Way, I’ll Go Mine 55 Key Terms 135, Matching 135, Multiple Choice 136,  3.3  Newton’s Second Law of Motion 56 Fill In The Blank 136, Short Answer 136, 3.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Fundamental is Fundamental 58 Visual Connection 138, Applying your Knowledge 138,  3.4  Newton’s Third Law of Motion 61 Important Equations 139, Exercises 139 3.1 HIGHLIGHT The Automobile Air Bag 63  3.5  Newton’s Law of Gravitation 63 Chapter 6  Waves and Sound 141 3.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Lot of Mass 65  3.6  Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy 67  6.1  Waves and Energy Propagation 141 3.4 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Float the Boat 68  6.2  Wave Properties 143 vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 7 10/09/14 3:41 PM viii Contents  6.3  Light Waves 146 Chapter 9  Atomic Physics 235  6.4  Sound Waves 148 6.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Tree Fell 151   9.1  Early Concepts of the Atom 236 6.1 HIGHLIGHT Noise Exposure Limits 152   9.2  The Dual Nature of Light 237  6.5  The Doppler Effect 154 9.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Step Right Up 239 6.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Faster Than Sound 155 9.1 HIGHLIGHT Albert Einstein 241  6.6  Standing Waves and Resonance 157   9.3  Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 242 6.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A It Can Be Shattering 159   9.4  Microwave Ovens, X-Rays, and Lasers 249 9.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Can’t Get Through 250 Key Terms 160, Matching 161, Multiple Choice 161, 9.2 HIGHLIGHT X-Ray CAT Scan and MRI 251 Fill In The Blank 162, Short Answer 162,   9.5  Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 254 Visual Connection 163, Applying your Knowledge 163,   9.6  Matter Waves 255 Important Equations 163, Exercises 164 9.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Bit Too Small 256   9.7  The Electron Cloud Model of the Atom 257 Chapter 7  Optics and Wave Effects 165 9.3 HIGHLIGHT Electron Microscopes 258 Key Terms 260, Matching 261, Multiple Choice 261,  7.1  Reflection 166 Fill In The Blank 262, Short Answer 262, 7.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A No Can See 167 Visual Connection 263, Applying your Knowledge 263, 7.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Nighttime Mirror 168 Important Equations 263, Exercises 264  7.2  Refraction and Dispersion 169 7.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Twinkle, Twinkle 171 7.1 HIGHLIGHT The Rainbow: Dispersion and Internal Chapter 10  Nuclear Physics 265 Reflection 176  10.1  Symbols of the Elements 265  7.3  Spherical Mirrors 178  10.2  The Atomic Nucleus 267 7.4 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Up and Down 182  10.3  Radioactivity and Half-Life 271  7.4  Lenses 182 10.1 HIGHLIGHT The Discovery of Radioactivity 272 7.5 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Right-Side Up from 10.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Misprint? 275 Upside-Down 185  10.4  Nuclear Reactions 280  7.5  Polarization 187 10.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Around the House 282 7.2 HIGHLIGHT Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 189  10.5  Nuclear Fission 284  7.6  Diffraction and Interference 190 10.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Out of Control 289 Key Terms 194, Matching 194, Multiple Choice 195, 10.2 HIGHLIGHT Pebble-Bed Gas Reactor 289 Fill In The Blank 195, Short Answer 196,  10.6  Nuclear Fusion 290 Visual Connection 197, Applying your Knowledge 197,  10.7  Effects of Radiation 294 Important Equations 197, Exercises 198 10.3 HIGHLIGHT Nuclear Power and Waste Disposal 296 Chapter 8  Electricity and Magnetism 199  10.8  Elementary Particles 296 10.4 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Star Trek Adventure 299  8.1  Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Electric Field 200 Key Terms 299, Matching 300, Multiple Choice 300, 8.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Defying Gravity 202 Fill In The Blank 301, Short Answer 301,  8.2  Current, Voltage, and Electrical Power 204 Visual Connection 302, Applying your Knowledge 302, 8.1 HIGHLIGHT United States and Europe: Important Equations 303, Exercises 303 Different Voltages 209  8.3  Simple Electric Circuits and Electrical Safety 209 Chapter 11  The Chemical Elements 305 8.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Series or Parallel 212 8.3 CONCEPTUAL Q&A More Resistance,  11.1  Classification of Matter 306 More Current 213 11.1 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Compound Question 307 8.2 HIGHLIGHT Electrical Effects on Humans 216  11.2  Discovery of the Elements 309  8.4  Magnetism 217  11.3  Occurrence of the Elements 311 8.4 CONCEPTUAL Q&A Coin Magnet 220 11.1 HIGHLIGHT Are There Really 98 Naturally Occurring 8.3 HIGHLIGHT Magnetic North Pole 223 Elements? 311  8.5  Electromagnetism 224 11.2 HIGHLIGHT Berzelius and How New Elements 8.5 CONCEPTUAL Q&A No Transformation 227 Are Named 312 Key Terms 230, Matching 230, Multiple Choice 231,  11.4  The Periodic Table 316 Fill In The Blank 231, Short Answer 231,  11.5  Naming Compounds 322 Visual Connection 233, Applying your Knowledge 233, 11.2 CONCEPTUAL Q&A A Table of Compounds? 322 Important Equations 233, Exercises 234  11.6  Groups of Elements 325 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 79137_fm_rev03.indd 8 10/09/14 3:41 PM