L Introduction to Language Development, Third Edition offers a highly accessible overview to the E IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN TTOO complexities of language development. The textbook is designed for use in language acquisition V courses in undergraduate and graduate speech-language pathology programs to facilitate both E teaching and learning. Complex terminology and theories are explained through definitions and Y examples to ensure that students are able to easily grasp the content. Within the third edition of this text, students are presented with language factors—syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, and pragmatics—as well as the cognitive abilities that underlie language development. Multilingual LLAANNGGUUAAGGEE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT and multicultural differences are explored throughout. Key Features: TTHHIIRRDD • Case studies allow instructors to involve students more fully in classroom discussion, along with developing their critical thinking and problem-solving skills EEDDIITTIIOONN • Chapter learning objectives allow students to understand the scope and goals of the chapter • Study questions allow instructors to engage students in discussions of the material and ensure TThhiirrdd EEddiittiioonn students grasp and retain the information I N • Tables and figures provide examples and evidence that elaborate and clarify the T information presented R O • A comprehensive glossary helps students locate the definitions of key terms D SANDRA LEVEY U New to the Third Edition: C T • Expanded focus on diversity and the role that culture plays in language learning I O • Updated to reflect the increased impact of technology in literacy and learning N T • Improved readability through the introduction of terminology, concepts, and practical strategies O that will be encountered in chapters that follow L A • The inclusion of new terminology that reflects patient-centric language and updated terms that N respect diversity of individuals served by speech-language pathologists and audiologists G U A G E D E Sandra Levey, PhD, is Professor Emerita at the City University of New York V (CUNY), Lehman College. She received her PhD in Speech-Language-Hearing E Sciences at the Graduate Center of CUNY and a degree in linguistics at L O Stanford University, with a minor in African studies. Dr. Levey has been P designated by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association M Board of Child Language and Language Disorders as a Board- E Certified Specialist in Child Language. She has received N research grants for study at Bayero University in Kano, Nigeria T and as a research consultant in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dr. Levey was the conference coordinator of the Seventeenth Annual Stanford Child Language Research Forum that focused on multilingual research. Her research and publications have focused on multilingualism and multiculturalism. She is a member of the International Association of Communication Sciences and Disorders (IALP). www.pluralpublishing.com INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Third Edition INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Third Edition SANDRA LEVEY, P D h 5521 Ruffin Road San Diego, CA 92123 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.pluralpublishing.com Copyright © 2024 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Typeset in 10.5/13 Palatino by Flanagan’s Publishing Services, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by Integrated Books International All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written consent of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text, contact us by Telephone: (866) 758-7251 Fax: (888) 758-7255 Email: [email protected] Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally printed in another source. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will gladly make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Levey, Sandra, author. Title: Introduction to language development / Sandra Levey. Description: Third edition. | San Diego, CA : Plural Publishing, Inc., [2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022034977 (print) | LCCN 2022034978 (ebook) | ISBN 9781635503777 (paperback) | ISBN 9781635503784 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Language Development | Infant | Child | Adolescent Classification: LCC P118 (print) | LCC P118 (ebook) | NLM WS 105.5.C8 | DDC 616.85/5--dc23/eng/20220818 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022034977 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022034978 CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv 1 An Introduction to Language Acquisition 1 Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives 1 Developmental Stages of Typical Language Development 2 Communication, Speech, and Language 2 Form 13 Content 18 Use 21 Written Language and Reading Abilities 22 Cognition 24 Language Differences 29 Summary 30 Key Words 31 Study Questions 31 References 32 2 An Introduction to Theories of Language Development 37 Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives 37 Speech Act Theory 38 Functional Approach to Language and Cognition 40 Behavioral Theory 42 Principles and Parameters Theory 43 Social Interaction Theory 44 Cognitive Theory 46 Emergentism 47 Summary 48 Key Words 49 v vi Introduction to Language Development Study Questions 50 References 50 3 The Brain and Cognitive, Speech, and Language Development 53 Sandra Levey and Denise Cruz Chapter Objectives 53 The Brain and Language 54 The Structure of the Neuron 55 The Central Nervous System 57 The Peripheral Nervous System 58 The Two Hemispheres of the Cerebrum: Right and Left Lobes 58 The Four Lobes of the Cerebrum: Speech, Language, and Cognitive 61 Functions The Arcuate Fasciculus 64 Subcortical Structures and Language Functions 65 The Brain Stem 67 Cognitive Functions and the Brain 69 Skills Associated With the Brain 72 Neurological Disorders 73 Summary 74 Key Words 77 Study Questions 80 References 80 4 Infant and Toddler Language Development 83 Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives 83 An Overview of Infant and Toddler Language Development 83 Aspects of Children’s Language Development 93 Parent/Caregiver and Child Interaction 93 Joint Attention and Joint Action 94 Phonological Development 95 Cognitive Development 96 The Development of Humor 97 The Formation of Schemas 97 The Development of Play 98 Morphological Development 101 Morphophonology 105 Syntactic Development 105 Pronoun Acquisition 109 Verbs 111 The Development of Negative, Interrogative, and Imperative 114 Sentence Forms Semantic Development 117 Pragmatic Development 121 Contents vii Narrative Development 123 Summary 125 Key Words 126 Study Questions 127 References 127 5 Preschool Language Development 137 Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives 137 An Overview of Preschool Language Development 138 Preschool-Aged Children’s Conceptual Development 139 Language Development 141 Syntactic Development 145 Semantics 150 Metalinguistic Awareness 156 Pragmatics 157 Humor 160 Summary 160 Key Words 161 Study Questions 162 References 162 6 Language Development in Middle and Late Childhood 167 and Adolescence Sandra Levey and Denise Cruz Chapter Objectives 167 Early Childhood, Late Childhood, and Adolescence 168 Semantics 173 Syntactic and Morphological Development 180 Pragmatic Development 187 Literacy Skills in Early, Middle, and Later Grades 188 Summary 192 Key Words 192 Study Questions 192 References 193 7 The Development of Literacy Skills 197 Sylvia F. Diehl Chapter Objectives 198 The Development of Literacy 198 Emergent Literacy 199 Development of Code-Related Literacy 199 Meaning-Related Literacy Developmental Milestones 200 Supporting Literacy Development in the Preschool Years 203 Literacy Development in the Elementary School Years 206 viii Introduction to Language Development Supporting Literacy Development in the Elementary School Years 215 Literacy Development in Adolescence 218 Supporting Adolescent Literacy Development 221 Summary 223 Key Words 223 Study Questions 224 References 224 8 Bilingual Children’s Language Development: Assessment 233 and Intervention Celeste Roseberry-McKibbin Chapter Objectives 234 Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition 234 Typical Processes of Second Language Acquisition 234 Simultaneous Versus Sequential Bilingual Acquisition 237 Types of Language Proficiency 238 Nonbiased Assessment: Principles and Strategies 241 Language Difference Versus Developmental Language Disorder: 242 Impact of the Environment Diagnostic Decisions 245 Legal Considerations 245 Nonbiased Assessment and Standardized Tests 246 The Advantages of Alternative Assessment 247 Strategies for the Use of Alternative Assessments 247 Utilizing the Services of Interpreters 248 The Use of Interpreters in Assessment 249 Intervention for EL Students With DLD: Options for Students Who 250 Qualify for Special Education Determining the Language(s) of Intervention 251 Potential Targets for Intervention 252 Summary 253 Key Terms 253 Study Questions 253 References 254 9 Language Development and Hearing 259 Brian J. Fligor An Overview of the Role of Hearing in Language Development 259 Chapter Objectives 260 The Prevalence of Hearing Loss 260 An Explanation of Hearing Abilities 261 Types of Hearing Loss 262 Normal Hearing Sensitivity in Children 266 Hearing Assessment 267 Sound Intensity and Frequency 268 Contents ix The Impact of a Hearing Loss on Language Development 268 The Effect of a Hearing Loss on Language Development 270 Age of Onset of Hearing Loss 270 Signs of a Hearing Loss 271 Intervention 271 Devices Used for Hearing Habilitation: FM Systems, Hearing Aids, 272 and Cochlear Implants Summary 274 Key Words 275 Study Questions 275 References 275 Glossary 281 Index 305