ISBN 978-0-333-37594-5 9 780333 375945 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines OtherMacmillantitlesofrelated interest E.M.Goodger,Combustion Calculations: Theory, workedexamplesandproblems E.M.Goodger, PrinciplesofEngineering Thermodynamics,second edition E.M.Goodgerand R.A.Vere,AviationFuels Technology Richard T. C.Harman, GasTurbine Engineering:Applications,cyclesand characteristics N.Watson and M.S.Janota,Turbochargingthe InternalCombustion Engine Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines Richard Stone Brunei University Uxbridge, Middlesex M MACMILLAN ©Richard Stone 1985 Allrights reserved.Noreproduction,copy or transmission of this publicationmay bemadewithout written permission. Noparagraph of this publicationmay bereproduced, copied or transmittedsavewith written permissionorin accordance with the provisionsof the Copyright Act 1956(asamended). Anyperson who doesany unauthorisedact inrelationto this publication may beliableto criminalprosecutionand civil claimsfor damages. First published 1985 Published by Higherand Further Education Division MACMILLAN PUBLISHERSLTD Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 2XS and London Companiesand representatives throughout the world BritishLibrary Cataloguingin PublicationData Stone,Richard Introduction to internalcombustionengines. 1.Internal combustionengine I. Title 621.43 TJ785 ISBN 978-0-333-37594-5 ISBN 978-1-349-17910-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17910-7 Contents Preface x Acknowledgements xii Notation xiii Introduction 1 1.1 Fundamentaloperatingprinciples 1 1.2 Earlyinternal combustionenginedevelopment 6 1.3 Characteristicsofinternal combustion engines 13 1.4 Additionaltypes ofinternal combustion engine 15 1.4.1 TheWankelengine 16 1.4.2 Stratified chargeengines 17 1.5 Prospectsfor internal combustion engines 19 2 Thermodynamic Principles 22 2.1 Introductionand definitions ofefficiency 22 2.2 Idealairstandard cycles 25 2.2.1 Theidealairstandard Otto cycle 25 2.2.2 Theidealairstandard Dieselcycle 26 2.2.3 Theidealairstandard Dualcycle 29 2.2.4 Theidealairstandard Atkinson cycle 29 2.3 Comparisonbetween thermodynamicand mechanicalcycles 30 2.4 Additionalperformance parametersfor internal combustion engines 32 2.5 Fuel-air cycle 35 2.6 Computer models 39 2.7 Conclusions 41 2.8 Examples 43 2.9 Problems 45 3 Combustionand Fuels 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Combustionchemistryand fuelchemistry 50 vi CONTENTS 3.3 Combustion thermodynamics 55 3.4 Dissociation 60 3.5 Combustionin spark ignition engines 62 3.5.1 Normal combustion 62 3.5.2 Abnormalcombustion 64 3.6 Combustionincompressionignition engines 65 3.7 Fuelsand additives 66 3.7.1 Characteristicsof petrol 67 3.7.2 Characteristicsofdieselfuel 73 3.8 Engineemissions 76 3.9 Combustionmodelling 79 3.9.1 Introduction 79 3.9.2 Zero-dimensionalmodels 80 3.9.3 Quasi-dimensionalmodels 82 3.10 Conclusions 84 3.11 Examples R4 3.12 Problems 94 4 Spark Ignition Engines 96 4.1 Introduction 96 4.2 Combustionchambers 98 4.2.1 Conventionalcombustion chambers 98 4.2.2 Highcompressionratio combustionchambers 104 4.3 Ignitionsystems 107 4.4 Carburettors III 4.4.1 Variablejetcarburettor 115 4.4.2 Fixed jet carburettor 116 4.5 Fuel injection 121 4.6 Electroniccontrol ofengines 122 4.7 Conclusions 127 4.8 Example 128 4.9 Problems 129 5 Compression Ignition Engines 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Direct injection(D!)systems 132 5.3 Indirect injection(IDI) systems 137 5.4 Coldstartingof compressionignitionengines 141 5.5 Fuel injectionequipment 145 5.5.1 Fuel injectors 147 5.5.2 Injector pumps 152 5.5.3 Interconnectionof pumps and injectors 157 5.6 Conclusions 161 5.7 Example 162 5.8 Problems 163 CONTENTS vii 6 Inductionand ExhaustProcesses 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Valvegear 166 6.2.1 Valvetypes 166 6.2.2 Valve-operating systems 166 6.2.3 Flow characteristicsofpoppetvalves 170 6.2.4 Valvetiming 173 6.2.5 Dynamic behaviourofvalvegear 175 6.3 Unsteadycompressiblefluid flow 178 6.4 Manifold design 181 6.5 Silencing 185 6.6 Conclusions 187 6.7 Problems 187 7 Turbocharging 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Radialflow and axial flow machines 191 7.3 Turbochargingthe compressionignition engine 201 7.4 Turbochargingthe spark ignition engine 206 7.5 Conclusions 212 7.6 Examples 213 7.7 Problems 217 8 Mechanical DesignConsiderations 218 8.1 Introduction 218 8.2 The dispositionand number ofthe cylinders 219 8.3 Cylinder blockand head materials 223 8.4 The pistonand rings 226 8.5 Theconnecting-rod,crankshaft,camshaftand valves 228 8.6 Lubricationand bearings 232 8.6.1 Lubrication 232 8.6.2 Bearingrnaterials 235 8.7 Conclusions 239 9 ExperimentalFacilities 240 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 Simpleengine test rig 241 9.2.1 Dynamometers 241 9.2.2 Fuel-consumption measurement 244 9.2.3 Airflow rate 246 9.2.4 Indicator diagrams 247 9.2.5 Indicated power 249 9.2.6 Enginetest conditions 251 9.2.7 Energy balance 252 9.3 Experimentalaccuracy 253 viii CONTENTS 9.4 Advancedtest systems 255 9.5 Conclusions 260 10 CaseStudies 261 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 JaguarV12HEengine 261 10.2.1 Background 261 10.2.2 Enginedevelopment 263 10.2.3 JaguarV12ignitionand mixture preparation development 266 10.2.4 Combustionchamber development 269 10.3 Chrysler2.2litre sparkignitionengine 272 10.3.1 Background 272 10.3.2 Thecylinderhead 272 10.3.3 Thecylinderblockandassociatedcomponents 276 10.3.4 Combustioncontrol 277 10.3.5 Catalystsystems 277 10.4 Ford 2.5 litreDIDieselengine 281 10.4.1 Background 281 10.4.2 Description 282 10.4.3 Thecombustion system 284 AppendixA: TheUse ofSfUnits 288 AppendixB:AnswerstoNumericalProblems 291 Appendix C:EngineSpecifications 292 C.1 Sulzermarinecompressionignitionengines 292 C.2 Ford 'Dover' 90-150 seriesdirect injection compressionignitionengines 294 C.3 RollsRoyceCV12direct injection compression ignitionengine 295 C.4 Ford V6'Essex' sparkignitionengine 295 C.5 Chrysler875crrr' sparkignition engine 296 C.6 JaguarV12sparkignitionengine 297 C.7 Chrysler2.2litre sparkignitionengine 297 C.8 Fiat-Sofimindirect injection compression ignitionengine 298 C.9 Ford 2.5litre DIDieselengine 299 C.10 Volvo-Penta 2-strokesparkignitionoutboard motor engines 301 AppendixD:Stratified ChargeEngines 302 AppendixE:Enginetuning 305 E.1 Introduction 305 E.2 Tuningforsparkignitionengineeconomy 305 E.3 Tuningforsparkignitionengineoutput 307 CONTENTS ix Bibliography 310 References 312 Index 315