Introduction to Healthcare for Chinese-speaking Interpreters and Translators Ineke H.M. Crezee and Eva N.S. Ng John Benjamins Publishing Company Introduction to Healthcare for Chinese-speaking Interpreters and Translators Introduction to Healthcare for Chinese-speaking Interpreters and Translators Ineke H.M. Crezee Auckland University of Technology Eva N.S. Ng The University of Hong Kong John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/z.202 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2016017987 (print) / 2016022097 (e-book) isbn 978 90 272 1235 1 (Hb) / isbn 978 90 272 1236 8 (Pb) isbn 978 90 272 6684 2 (e-book) © 2016 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · https://benjamins.com Table of contents Table of illustrations xv List of tables xvii Authors’ notes xix Acknowledgments xxiii Foreword xxv Foreword to this edition xxvii Part I. Interpreting chapter 1 Introduction 3 1. How to use this book 3 2. Development of the interpreting profession 4 3. The demand for interpreters around the world 4 4. Health interpreting studies 6 5. Teaching healthcare interpreting 7 chapter 2 Interpreting in healthcare settings 11 1. Interpreting in healthcare settings 11 2. Different healthcare systems 13 3. Accuracy 14 4. Understanding common responses to bad news 17 5. Culture broker 18 6. Interpreter codes of ethics 19 7. Duty of care 21 8. Triangle of communication 21 9. Note-taking 22 10. Terminology 22 vi Introduction to Healthcare for Chinese-speaking Interpreters and Translators chapter 3 A word about culture 25 1. Culture 25 2. Cultural influence on spoken communication 25 3. Implications for interpreting 28 4. Culture and health 29 5. Cultural beliefs pertaining to health and their implications for the interpreter 32 5.1 Sickness and disease (or medical condition) 33 5.2 Patient behavior 34 5.3 Cultural attitudes towards pain 34 5.4 Causes of sickness 34 5.5 Diets in sickness and health 35 5.6 Taboos 36 5.7 The role of the interpreter as a culture broker 36 chapter 4 Medical terminology 39 1. Introduction 39 2. History of medical terminology in the Western world 39 3. Chinese medicine and medical terminology 40 4. Spelling and pronunciation 41 5. Latin and Greek elements in medical terms 41 5.1 Common combinations 42 5.2 Common word roots 42 5.3 Common procedure nouns and verbs 42 5.4 Common prefixes 43 5.5 Suffixes 46 Part II. Interpreting in healthcare settings chapter 5 Primary care physicians and General Practitioners 51 1. Primary care providers 51 2. History taking 5 3 3. Pain 5 3 4. New patients 5 4 5. Physical examination 5 7 6. Tests or diagnostic studies 5 8 Table of contents vii 7. Immunization schedule 5 9 8. Health education 5 9 9. Referrals 5 9 10. Some notes for interpreters and translators 60 chapter 6 Specialty clinics and Outpatient Clinics 63 1. Specialty clinics 6 3 2. Staff at specialty clinics 6 5 3. Procedure at specialty clinics 6 5 4. Some notes for interpreters and translators 6 6 chapter 7 Hospitals 67 1. The isolation of the sick 6 7 2. The biomedical approach 68 3. The patient-oriented approach 68 4. Hospital staff 6 9 5. Nursing staff 6 9 6. Medical staff 70 7. Specialists 71 8. Other hospital staff 71 9. Other healthcare staff 72 10. Hospital procedures 73 11. Admissions 73 11.1 Types – emergency and scheduled 73 12. Admission process 74 13. Most important rooms (from the patient’s perspective) 74 14. Discharge 75 15. Rehabilitation 75 16. Health professionals 76 17. Physical therapy 76 18. Occupational therapy 77 19. Some notes for interpreters and translators 77 20. English-Chinese glossary 78 chapter 8 Emergency Departments or ERs 81 1. Emergency Department staff 82 2. Emergency Department areas 83 viii Introduction to Healthcare for Chinese-speaking Interpreters and Translators 3. Emergency Department admission 84 4. Some common reasons for admission to ED 84 4.1 Common medical problems 84 4.2 Trauma 93 4.3 Surgical problems 96 5. English-Chinese glossary 98 chapter 9 Informed consent 103 1. Issues which might arise for interpreters during the informed consent process 104 chapter 10 Pre-operative and post-operative procedures 107 1. Pre- and post-operative procedures 107 2. English-Chinese glossary 115 chapter 11 Intensive care 117 1. Staff 121 2. Some notes for interpreters and translators 121 3. English–Chinese glossary 122 chapter 12 Obstetrics 125 1. Prenatal care 125 2. Follow-up visits 127 3. Term of pregnancy 128 4. Labor and childbirth 129 5. Common terminology 130 6. Postnatal checks 131 7. Postnatal care 132 8. English-Chinese glossary 133 chapter 13 Child health 137 1. Neonatal Care 137 1.1 Levels of Care 137 1.2 Asphyxia 138 1.3 Premature delivery 139 Table of contents ix 1.4 Problems of prematurity 140 1.5 Admission process 144 1.6 Some common diagnostic tests 145 2. Pediatrics 146 2.1 Child health professionals 146 2.2 Immunization 147 2.3 Possible childhood health problems 147 3. English-Chinese glossary 158 chapter 14 Speech-language therapy 165 1. Common terminology 165 2. Communication disorders 166 3. Assessment 166 4. Therapy 167 5. Some notes for interpreters and translators 167 6. English-Chinese glossary 169 chapter 15 Mental health 171 1. Terms with Latin and Greek roots 172 2. Briefing and debriefing 172 3. Behaviors and their implications for the interpreter 173 4. Mental health professionals 174 5. Some common therapeutic approaches 174 6. Common reasons for counseling 175 7. Some commonly used pharmaceutical drugs 175 8. Mental illness 175 9. Some mental health disorders 176 10. English-Chinese glossary 180 chapter 16 Oncology 183 1. Cancer 183 2. Diagnosis 184 3. Typing and staging 185 4. Treatment 186 5. Common forms of cancer 187 6. Some notes for interpreters and translators 192 7. English-Chinese glossary 193