Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction NCC5E BOOK.indb 1 24/08/2015 11:02 This publication is endorsed by NEBOSH as offering high quality support for the delivery of NEBOSH qualifications. NEBOSH endorsement does not imply that this publication is essential to achieve a NEBOSH qualification, nor does it mean that this is the only suitable publication available to support NEBOSH qualifications. No endorsed material will be used verbatim in setting any NEBOSH examination and all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. Copies of official specifications for all NEBOSH qualifications may be found on the NEBOSH website – www.nebosh.org.uk NCC5E BOOK.indb 2 24/08/2015 11:02 Fifth Edition Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction For the NEBOSH National Certificate in Construction Health and Safety Phil Hughes MBE, MSc, CFIOSH Chairman NEBOSH 1995–2001. President of IOSH 1990–1991 Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MIET, CMIOSH Vice Chairman NEBOSH 1999–2008 Endorsed by NEBOSH NCC5E BOOK.indb 3 24/08/2015 11:02 Fifth edition published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First edition published by Butterworth Heinemann in 2005 Third edition published by Butterworth Heinemann in 2008 Fourth edition published by Routledge 2011 © 2016 Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett The right of Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hughes, Phil (Phillip W.), 1946- , author. Introduction to health and safety in construction : for the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety / Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett. -- Fifth edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Ferrett, Ed., author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health. 2. Occupational Health-- Great Britain--Examination Questions. 3. Accidents, Occupational--prevention & control--Great Britain--Examination Questions. 4. Safety Management--Great Britain--Examination Questions. 5. Workplace--legislation & jurisprudence--Great Britain--Examination Questions. WA 18.2] RC965.C75 362.110684--dc23 2015011445 ISBN: 978-0-415-82436-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-85870-8 (ebk) Typeset in Univers Lt by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire NCC5E BOOK.indb 4 24/08/2015 11:02 Contents List of illustrations ���������������������������������������������������������ix 2.5 Practice revision questions .................................60 Preface �����������������������������������������������������������������������xviii Appendix 2.1 Health and Safety Policy checklist .........61 Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������xx About the authors ��������������������������������������������������������xxi 3. Health and safety management systems – How to use this book and what it covers ��������������������xxii Organising – DO 1 ............................................63 List of principal abbreviations ������������������������������������xxvii 3.1 Organisational health and safety roles and Safety signs ................................................................xxx responsibilities of employers, directors, managers and supervisors ...................................64 1. Foundations in health and safety ..........................1 3.2 Concept of health and safety culture and its 1.1 The scope and nature of occupational health significance in the management of health and and safety ..............................................................2 safety in an organisation ......................................69 1.2 Moral, legal and financial reasons for 3.3 Human factors which influence promoting good standards of health and safety ...4 behaviour at work ................................................71 1.3 The legal framework for the regulation of 3.4 How health and safety behaviour at work can health and safety including sources and types be improved .........................................................78 of law .....................................................................7 3.5 Further information ..............................................89 1.4 The scope, duties and offences of 3.6 Practice revision questions .................................90 employers, managers, employees and others Appendix 3.1 Leadership actions for directors and under the Health and Safety at Work etc. board members....................................................92 Act 1974...............................................................15 Appendix 3.2 Detailed health and safety 1.5 The scope, duties and offences of responsibilities ....................................................94 employers, managers, employees and others Appendix 3.3 Safety culture questionnaire ..................96 under the Management of Health and Safety Appendix 3.4 List of typical legislation requiring at Work Regulations .............................................29 health and safety training ....................................97 1.6 The legal and organisational health and safety roles and responsibilities of clients and their 4. Health and safety management systems – contractors ...........................................................30 Risk assessment and controls – DO 2 ...........99 1.7 The principles of assessing and managing 4.1 Principles and practice of risk assessment .......100 contractors ...........................................................34 4.2 General principles of prevention in relation to 1.8 Further information ..............................................37 risk reduction measures .....................................115 1.9 Practice revision questions ..................................38 4.3 Sources of health and safety information .........116 Appendix 1.1 Checklist for supply chain health and 4.4 Factors that should be considered when safety management .............................................40 developing and implementing a safe system Appendix 1.2 Pre-construction information .................41 of work for general work activities .....................117 Appendix 1.3 Construction phase plan .......................42 4.5 Role and function of a permit-to-work system ...121 Appendix 1.4 The health and safety file .......................43 4.6 Emergency procedures and arrangements for contacting the emergency services ...................125 2. Health and safety management 4.7 Requirements for, and effective provision systems – PLAN ...............................................45 of, first-aid in the workplace ...............................127 2.1 Key elements of a health and safety 4.8 Further information ............................................130 management system ...........................................46 4.9 Practice revision questions ...............................131 2.2 Purpose and importance of setting a policy Appendix 4.1 Hazard checklist ...................................133 for health and safety ............................................53 Appendix 4.2 Risk assessment example: 2.3 Key features and appropriate content of an office cleaning ....................................................134 effective health and safety policy ........................53 Appendix 4.3 Asbestos examples of safe systems 2.4 Further information ..............................................59 of work ...............................................................136 v NCC5E BOOK.indb 5 24/08/2015 11:02 Contents 5. Health and safety management systems – Appendix 9.1 Safety at street works and Monitoring, investigation and road works ........................................................250 recording – CHECK ........................................139 5.1 Active and reactive monitoring ..........................140 10. Musculoskeletal hazards and risk 5.2 Investigating incidents .......................................149 control ............................................................251 5.3 Recording and reporting incidents .....................156 10.1 Musculoskeletal disorders and work-related 5.4 Further information ............................................163 upper limb disorders ........................................252 5.5 Practice revision questions ...............................163 10.2 Manual handling hazards and control Appendix 5.1 Workplace inspection exercises ..........165 measures .........................................................256 Appendix 5.2 Information for insurance/ 10.3 Lifting and moving equipment .........................262 compensation claims .........................................167 10.4 Further information ..........................................276 Appendix 5.3 Checklist of items to be 10.5 Practice revision questions ..............................276 covered in a construction site inspection ...........168 Appendix 10.1 A typical risk assessment for the use of lifting equipment ...................................279 6. Health and safety management systems – Appendix 10.2 A typical risk assessment for an Audit and review – ACT .................................173 excavator to be used for lifting ........................280 6.1 Health and safety auditing .................................174 Appendix 10.3 Examples of manually operated 6.2 Review of health and safety performance .........177 load handling equipment ..................................281 6.3 Further information ............................................180 Appendix 10.4 Safe use of fork-lift trucks (based 6.4 Practice revision questions ...............................180 on an HSE document) ......................................282 7. Construction law and management .................181 11. Work equipment hazards and risk control ....283 7.1 The scope, definition and particular issues 11.1 General requirements for work equipment ......284 relating to construction activities .......................182 11.2 Hazards and controls for hand-held tools .........293 7.2 The legal, moral and financial consequences 11.3 Mechanical and non-mechanical hazards of of failing to manage health and safety within machinery .......................................................304 the construction industry ...................................184 11.4 Control measures for reducing risks from 7.3 Scope and application of the Construction machinery hazards ..........................................309 (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 ....188 11.5 Further information ..........................................323 7.4 Sources of external construction health and 11.6 Practice revision questions .............................323 safety information ..............................................195 7.5 Further information ............................................196 12. Electrical safety .................................................327 7.6 Practice revision questions ................................197 12.1 Hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the workplace ...................328 8. Construction site issues – hazards 12.2 Control measures .............................................336 and risk control ..............................................199 12.3 Control measures for working near 8.1 Initial site assessment .......................................200 overhead power lines .......................................344 8.2 Appropriate general site control measures .......204 12.4 Further information ..........................................346 8.3 Health, welfare and work environment 12.5 Practice revision questions ..............................347 requirements......................................................211 8.4 Violence at work ................................................215 13. Fire safety .........................................................349 8.5 Substance misuse at work .................................218 13.1 Principles of fire initiation, classification, 8.6 Safe movement of people on spread and fire risks caused by construction construction sites ...............................................220 activities and legal requirements .....................350 8.7 Further information ............................................227 13.2 Fire risk assessment ........................................361 8.8 Practice revision questions ................................228 13.3 Fire prevention and prevention Appendix 8.1 A typical set of site safety rules ...........230 of fire spread ....................................................366 Appendix 8.2 Smoke-free workplaces .......................231 13.4 Fire detection, fire alarm systems and fire-fighting equipment for construction 9. Vehicle and plant movement – hazards activities ...........................................................378 and risk control ..............................................233 13.5 Requirements for an adequate and properly 9.1 Safe movement of vehicles and plant within maintained means of escape in the a construction environment ...............................234 construction workplace ...................................383 9.2 Driving at work ...................................................243 13.6 Evacuation of a construction workplace in 9.3 Further information ............................................248 the event of a fire .............................................385 9.4 Practice revision questions ................................248 13.7 Further information ..........................................387 vi NCC5E BOOK.indb 6 24/08/2015 11:02 Contents 13.8 Practice revision questions .............................388 Appendix 16.6 Examples of safe systems of Appendix 13.1 Fire risk assessment checklist work used in roof work ....................................496 as recommended in Fire Safety Guides published by the Department for 17. Excavation work and confined spaces – Communities and Local Government hazards and risk control ................................497 in 2006 ..............................................................390 17.1 Excavation work hazards and risk assessment ..498 Appendix 13.2 Typical fire notice ...............................391 17.2 Control measures for excavation work ............505 17.3 Confined space working hazards and risks ......510 14. Chemical and biological health hazards 17.4 Control measures for confined and risk control ..............................................393 space working ..................................................511 14.1 Forms and classification of, and the health 17.5 Further information ..........................................513 risks from exposure to, hazardous 17.6 Practice revision questions ..............................514 substances .......................................................394 Appendix 17.1 An example of safe digging practice ..516 14.2 Assessment of health risks ..............................398 Appendix 17.2 Typical excavation work risk 14.3 Workplace exposure limits ...............................407 assessment ......................................................517 14.4 Control measures .............................................408 Appendix 17.3 Typical confined spaces risk 14.5 Specific agents .................................................419 assessment........................................................518 14.6 Safe handling and storage of waste .................430 14.7 Further information ..........................................432 18. Demolition and deconstruction – hazards 14.8 Practice revision questions .............................433 and risk control ..............................................519 Appendix 14.1 GHS hazard (H) statements 18.1 Demolition and deconstruction (Health only) .....................................................436 hazards and risks ..............................................520 Appendix 14.2 Health questionnaire for ongoing 18.2 Control measures .............................................521 surveillance of persons working with 18.3 Purposes and scope of pre-demolition, respiratory sensitisers ......................................437 deconstruction or refurbishment survey ..........525 Appendix 14.3 Hazardous properties of waste as 18.4 Control measures that a method statement listed in the Hazardous Waste (England and should include ..................................................527 Wales) Regulations 2005 .................................438 18.5 Further information ..........................................529 Appendix 14.4 Different types of protective 18.6 Practice revision questions ..............................529 gloves ...............................................................439 Appendix 18.1 Checklist for a safe system of work ..530 15. Physical and psychological health hazards 19. Summary of the main legal requirements ....531 and risk control .............................................441 19.1 Introduction ......................................................532 15.1 Noise ..................................................................442 19.2 The legal framework ........................................533 15.2 Vibration .............................................................448 19.3 List of Acts, orders and regulations 15.3 Radiation ............................................................453 summarised .....................................................536 15.4 Stress .................................................................459 19.4 HSW Act 1974 as amended in 2013 ................538 15.5 Further information ............................................461 19.5 Environmental Protection Act 1990 .................542 15.6 Practice revision questions ................................462 19.6 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 ..........552 19.7 Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at 16. Working at height – hazards and risk Work Regulations 2010 ....................................554 control ..............................................................465 19.8 Control of Asbestos Regulations (CAR) 2012 ..556 16.1 Working at height hazards and control .............466 19.9 Classification, Labelling and Packaging 16.2 Safe working practices for access of Substances and Mixtures Regulation equipment and roof work .................................474 (European) adopting into EU UN Globally 16.3 Protection of others .........................................489 Harmonised System of Classification and 16.4 Working over or near water .............................489 Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) ...........................565 16.5 Further information ..........................................490 19.10 Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 .................568 16.6 Practice revision questions ..............................491 19.11 Construction (Design and Management) Appendix 16.1 Inspection timing and Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) .........................570 frequency chart ................................................493 19.12 Health and Safety (Consultation with Appendix 16.2 Checklist of typical scaffolding faults ....494 Employees) Regulations 1996 .........................579 Appendix 16.3 Checklist for a safety inspection of 19.13 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health a scaffold ..........................................................494 Regulations (COSHH) 2002 and 2004 Appendix 16.4 Scaffold design, inspection, Amendment .....................................................581 competence and supervision checklist ...........494 19.14 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Appendix 16.5 Scaffold structures that need to Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR) 2002 ........585 be designed .....................................................495 vii NCC5E BOOK.indb 7 24/08/2015 11:02 Contents 19.15 Health and Safety (Display Screen 20. International, environmental and other Equipment) Regulations 1992 as amended aspects of health and safety ........................653 in 2002 .............................................................587 20.1 Introduction ......................................................654 19.16 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ...............589 20.2 International issues ..........................................654 19.17 Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) 20.3 Environmental considerations ..........................661 Act 1969 and Regulations 1998 amended in 20.4 Health and safety in the home .........................667 2002, 2004 and 2008 .......................................592 20.5 Safe cycling ......................................................670 19.18 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 ...593 20.6 Further information ..........................................671 19.19 Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations Appendix 20.1 Scaffolds and ladders .........................672 1981 as amended ............................................601 Appendix 20.2 International travel tips ......................672 19.20 Health and Safety (Information for Employees) Regulations 1989 .........................602 21. Study skills .......................................................675 19.21 Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) 21.1 Introduction ......................................................676 Regulations 2005 .............................................603 21.2 Find a place to study ........................................676 19.22 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 ..............603 21.3 Time management ...........................................676 19.23 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment 21.4 Blocked thinking ...............................................677 Regulations (LOLER) 1998 as amended 21.5 Taking notes .....................................................677 in 2002 .............................................................606 21.6 Reading for study .............................................677 19.24 Management of Health and Safety at Work 21.7 Free learning resources from the Regulations 1999 as amended in Open University ...............................................677 2003 and 2006 .................................................609 21.8 Organising for revision .....................................678 19.25 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 21.9 Organising information .....................................678 (MHO) 1992 as amended in 2002 ....................612 21.10 Being aware of your learning style ..................680 19.26 Control of Noise at Work 21.11 How does memory work? ...............................680 Regulations 2005 .............................................614 21.12 How to deal with exams ..................................681 19.27 Personal Protective Equipment at Work 21.13 The examiners’ reports ....................................682 Regulations 1992 as amended in 21.14 Conclusion .......................................................683 2002 and 2013 .................................................618 21.15 Further information ..........................................683 19.28 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (except Part IV) as 22. Specimen answers to practice questions ......685 amended in 2002 and 2013 .............................620 22.1 Introduction ......................................................686 19.29 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and 22.2 The written examinations ................................686 Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 .....624 22.3 Unit NCC2 – Construction Health and Safety 19.30 Safety Representatives and Safety Practical Application .........................................691 Committees Regulations 1977 ........................629 Appendix 22.1 The practical application report ..........696 19.31 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Appendix 22.2 The practical application Regulations 1996 .............................................630 observation sheets ...........................................699 19.32 The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008 as amended .........................633 23. International sources of information and 19.33 Control of Vibration at Work guidance .........................................................705 Regulations 2005 .............................................634 23.1 Introduction ......................................................706 19.34 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) 23.2 How to search the internet effectively ............706 Regulations 1992 as amended in 23.3 Some useful websites .....................................708 2002 and 2013 .................................................636 23.4 Health and safety forms ..................................710 19.35 Work at Height Regulations 2005 as amended in 2007 .............................................638 Index ..........................................................................747 19.36 The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011 .............................................642 19.37 Other relevant legislation in brief .....................643 viii NCC5E BOOK.indb 8 24/08/2015 11:02 List of illustrations 1.1 At work in Southampton 2015 – site 2.8 The policy might be good but is it put operated well into the night (© Phil Hughes) .....3 into practice – unsafe use of a ladder (© 1.2 Insured and uninsured costs (© Beci Phipps) .....6 Mikeledray – Shutterstock) ...............................58 1.3 The court system in England and Wales for 2.9 Emergency procedures (© Henry Ho – health and safety showing the principle Shutterstock) ....................................................62 courts .................................................................9 2.10 Ladders and scaffold maintained in good 1.4 Sub-divisions and sources of law .....................12 condition and frequently inspected...................62 1.5 Diagrammatic view of ‘reasonably practicable’ 14 2.11 Vacuum-operated paving stone placer .............62 1.6 HSW Act (© Phil Hughes) .................................16 3.1 DO part of the management cycle involves 1.7 Employees at work taking reasonable care Risk Profiling (Chapter 4), Organising and of themselves (© Phil Hughes) .........................18 Implementing plans .........................................64 1.8 The inspector inspects .....................................19 3.2 Everyone from senior manager down has 1.9 NEBOSH is in control here ..............................24 health and safety responsibilities .....................65 1.10 Typical supply chain .........................................25 3.3 Safety practitioner at the front line 1.11 Inadequate chair – it should have five feet (© Shutterstock/John Gomez) ..........................68 and an adjustable backrest – take care 3.4 Safety investment ............................................69 when buying second-hand ...............................26 3.5 Heinrich’s accidents/incidents ratios ...............71 1.12 Diagram showing the main external 3.6 Well-designed workstation for sitting or agencies that impact on the workplace ...........28 standing ...........................................................73 1.13 Good standards prevent harm and save 3.7 Most construction rubbish can burn. Make money ..............................................................28 sure that it is swept up and removed 1.14 Domestic client: CDM applies but not from the site as soon as possible (© notifiable (© Phil Hughes) .................................33 Michaelstockfoto – Shutterstock) .....................74 1.15 Large-scale contract: CDM applies and it is 3.8 Motivation and activity .....................................75 notifiable (© Phil Hughes) .................................34 3.9 Visual perceptions: (a) Are the lines of the 1.16 Contractors at work unloading steel beams same length? (b) Faces or vase? (c) Faces (© Phil Hughes) .................................................35 or saxophone player? .......................................75 1.17 Site safety rules (© Phil Hughes) ......................36 3.10 Types of human failure ....................................76 1.18 Rules at site entrance with viewing panel 3.11 Health and Safety Law poster – must be to see inside the site (© Phil Hughes) ..............36 displayed or brochure given to 2.1 The Plan, Do, Check, Act cycle (© Beci employees .......................................................81 Phipps) ..............................................................47 3.12 The law on consulting employees about 2.2 PLAN part of the management cycle health and safety in your workplace. involves Policy and Planning (© Beci Phipps) ...49 References to the Regulations are colour- 2.3 Well-presented policy documents (© Beci coded to help find the parts that are Phipps) ..............................................................53 most relevant to a particular organisation: 2.4 (a) and (b) Part of a policy commitment for workplaces where the Safety (© Beci Phipps) .................................................54 Representatives and Safety Committees 2.5 SMART performance standards or Regulations 1977 apply; for workplaces objectives (© Beci Phipps) ................................55 where the Health and Safety (Consultation 2.6 (a) and (b) Good information, training and with Employees) Regulations 1996 apply working with employees is essential (© (Source: HSE INDG232(rev1)) ...........................82 Beci Phipps) ......................................................57 3.13 Health and safety training needs and 2.7 Providing guidance and training is essential opportunities ....................................................85 (© Beci Phipps) .................................................58 3.14 Internal influences on safety culture ................87 ix NCC5E BOOK.indb 9 24/08/2015 11:02