Introduction to Health Safety And Work At This publication is endorsed by NEBOSH as offering high quality support for the delivery of NEBOSH qualifications. NEBOSH endorsement does not imply that this publication is essential to achieve a NEBOSH quali- fication, nor does it mean that this is the only suitable publication available to support NEBOSH qualifications. No endorsed material will be used verbatim in setting any NEBOSH examination and all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. Copies of official specifications for all NEBOSH qualifications may be found on the NEBOSH website – www.nebosh.org.uk Fifth Edition Introduction to Health Safety And Work At The Handbook for the NEBOSH National General Certificate Phil Hughes MBE, MSc, CFIOSH Chairman NEBOSH 1995–2001. President of IOSH 1990–1991 Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MIET, CMIOSH Vice Chairman NEBOS H 1999–2008 AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA. First edition 2003 Reprinted 2003 (twice) Second edition 2005 Reprinted 2006 Third edition 2007 Fourth edition 2009 Reprinted 2010 Fifth edition 2011 Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is availabe from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-097070-7 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our web site at books.els evier.com Printed and bound in Italy 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii ABOUTTHEAUTHORS xv HOWTOUSETHISBOOKANDWHATITCOVERS xvii LISTOFPRINCIPALABBREVIATIONS xix 1 HEALTHANDSAFETYFOUNDATIONS 1 1.1 The scope and nature of occupational health and safety 2 1.2 Moral, legal and financial reasons for promoting good standards of health and safety 4 1.3 The legal framework for the regulation of health and safety including sources and types of law 8 1.4 The scope, duties and offences of employers, managers, employees and others under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 21 1.5 The scope, duties and offences of employers, managers, employees and others under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 26 1.6 The legal and organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of clients and their contractors 27 1.7 Further information 33 1.8 Practice NEBOSH questions 33 Appendix 1.1 Checklist for supply chain health and safety management 36 Appendix 1.2 Summary of application and notification under CDM 2007 37 Appendix 1.3 Pre-construction information 38 Appendix 1.4 Construction phase plan 39 2 HEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS–POLICY 41 2.1 Key elements of a health and safety management system 42 2.2 Purpose and importance of setting a policy for health and safety 48 2.3 Key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy 49 2.4 Further information 52 2.5 Practice NEBOSH questions 53 Appendix 2.1 Health and safety policy checklist 55 3 HEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS2–ORGANIZING 57 3.1 Organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, directors and managers 58 3.2 Concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organization 63 3.3 Human factors which influence behaviour at work 65 3.4 How health and safety behaviour at work can be improved 71 3.5 Emergency procedures and arrangement for contacting the emergency services 81 3.6 Requirements for, and effective provision of, first aid in the workplace 83 3.7 Further information 86 3.8 Practice NEBOSH questions 86 Appendix 3.1 Detailed health and safety responsibilities 90 Appendix 3.2 List of typical legislation requiring health and safety training 92 4 HEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS3–PLANNING 93 4.1 Importance of planning 94 4.2 Principles and practice of risk assessment 100 4.3 General principles of control and hierarchy of risk reduction measures 108 4.4 Sources of health and safety information 115 4.5 Safe systems of work 116 4.6 Permits to work 119 vi Contents 4.7 Further information 123 4.8 Practice NEBOSH questions 123 Appendix 4.1 Hazard checklist 126 Appendix 4.2 Example of a risk assessment record 127 Appendix 4.3 Risk assessment example 2: Hairdressing salon 128 Appendix 4.4 Risk assessment example 3: Office cleaning 130 Appendix 4.5 Job safety analysis form 133 Appendix 4.6 Essential elements of a permit-to-work form 134 Appendix 4.7 Asbestos examples of safe systems of work 135 5 HEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS4–MEASURING,AUDITANDREVIEW 139 5.1 Active and reactive monitoring 140 5.2 Health and safety auditing 149 5.3 Investigating incidents 150 5.4 Recording and reporting incidents 157 5.5 Review of health and safety performance 162 5.6 Further information 164 5.7 Practice NEBOSH questions 165 Appendix 5.1 Workplace inspection exercises 168 Appendix 5.2 Specimen workplace inspection report form 170 Appendix 5.3 Workplace inspection checklist 171 Appendix 5.4 Page 1 of Accident/incident report form – see full form at: www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780080970707 174 Appendix 5.5 Information for insurance/compensation claims 175 6 WORKPLACEHAZARDSANDRISKCONTROL 177 6.1 Health, welfare and work environment requirements 178 6.2 Violence at work 182 6.3 Substance misuse at work 185 6.4 Safe movement of people in the workplace 187 6.5 Working at height 192 6.6 Excavations 203 6.7 Further information 205 6.8 Practice NEBOSH questions 205 Appendix 6.1 Checklist of typical scaffolding faults 208 Appendix 6.2 Inspection recording form with timing and frequency chart 209 7 TRANSPORTHAZARDSANDRISKCONTROL 213 7.1 Safe movement of vehicles in the workplace 214 7.2 Driving at work 219 7.3 Further information 223 7.4 Practice NEBOSH questions 223 8 MUSCULOSKELETALHAZARDSA NDRISKCONTROL 225 8.1 Work-related upper limb disorders 226 8.2 Manual handling hazards, risks and control measures 230 8.3 Manually operated load handling equipment 234 8.4 Mechanically operated load handling equipment 236 8.5 Further information 243 8.6 Practice NEBOSH questions 244 Appendix 8.1 Workstation self-assessment checklist 247 Appendix 8.2 Manual handling of loads: assessment checklist 250 Appendix 8.3 A typical risk assessment for the use of lifting equipment 253 Appendix 8.4 Examples of manually operated load handling equipment 254 9 WORKEQUIPMENTHAZARDSANDRISKCONTROL 255 9.1 General requirements for work equipment 256 9.2 Hand-held tools 263 9.3 Machinery hazards 269 Contents vii 9.4 Control measures – practical safeguards 272 9.5 Further Information 284 9.6 Practice NEBOSH questions 285 10 ELECTRICALSAFETY 287 10.1 Hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity at work 288 10.2 Control measures 295 10.3 Further information 304 10.4 Practice NEBOSH questions 305 11 FIRESAFETY 307 11.1 Principles of fire initiation, classification, spread and legal requirements 308 11.2 Fire risk assessment 317 11.3 Principles of fire prevention and prevention of fire spread 321 11.4 Fire alarm and fire fighting equipment 329 11.5 Evacuation of a workplace 333 11.6 Further information 339 11.7 Practice NEBOSH questions 340 Appendix 11.1 F ire risk assessment checklist (as recom mended in Fire Safety Guides published by the Department for Communities and Local Government in 2006) 342 Appendix 11.2 E xample form for recording significant findings (as published in 2006 by the Department for Communities and Local Government in their Fire Safety Guides) 344 Appendix 11.3 Typical fire notice 345 Appendix 11.4 Example fire safety maintenance checklist 346 12 CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALHEALTHHAZARDSANDRISKCONTROL 349 12.1 Forms of, classification of, and health risks from hazardous substances 350 12.2 Assessment of health risks 354 12.3 Workplace exposure limits 361 12.4 Control measures 363 12.5 Specific agents 371 12.6 Safe handling and storage of waste 379 12.7 Further information 381 12.8 Practice NEBOSH questions 382 Appendix 12.1 EU Existing Risk Phrases 386 Appendix 12.2 EU Existing Safety Phrases 387 Appendix 12.3 GHS Hazard (H) Statements (Health only) 389 Appendix 12.4 H azardous properties of waste (as listed in the Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005) 390 Appendix 12.5 A typical COSHH assessment form 392 13 PHYSICALANDPSYCHOLOGICALHEALTHHAZARDSANDRISKCONTROL 393 13.1 Noise 394 13.2 Vibration 400 13.3 Radiation 404 13.4 Stress 409 13.5 Further information 410 13.6 Practice NEBOSH questions 411 Appendix 13.1 Example of a noise assessment record form 413 14 CONSTRUCTION,ENVIRONMENTALANDINTERNATIONALASPECTSOFHEALTHANDSAFETY 415 14.1 Introduction 416 14.2 Construction activities 416 14.3 Environmental considerations 430 14.4 International issues 436 14.5 Further information 443 Appendix 14.1 Summary of application and notification under CDM 2007 444 Appendix 14.2 Scaffolds and ladders 445 Appendix 14.3 International travel tips 445 Appendix 14.4 Emergency numbers in some countries world-wide 447 viii Contents 15 SUMMARYOFTHEMAINLEGALREQUIREMENTS 451 15.1 Introduction 453 15.2 The legal framework 453 15.3 List of Acts, orders and regulations summarized 456 15.4 HSW Act 1974 458 15.5 Environmental protection Act 1990 462 15.6 Control of artificial radiation at work regulations 2010 472 15.7 Chemicals (Hazard information and packaging for supply) regulations 2009 (CHIP 4) 473 15.8 Confined spaces regulations 1997 480 15.9 Construction (Design and management) (CDM) regulations 2007 482 15.10 Construction (Head protection) regulations 1989 494 15.11 Health and safety (Consultation with employees) regulations 1996 494 15.12 Control of substances hazardous to health regulations (COSHH) 2002 and 2004 amendment 496 15.13 Dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres regulations (DSEAR) 2002 499 15.14 Health and safety (Display screen equipment) regulations 1992 501 15.15 Electricity at work regulations 1989 503 15.16 Employers’ liability (Compulsory insurance) Act 1969 and regulations 1998 amended in 2002, 2004 and 2008 506 15.17 Regulatory reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 507 15.18 Health and safety (First Aid) regulations 1981 as amended in 2002 515 15.19 Health and safety (Information for Employees) regulations 1989 516 15.20 Hazardous waste (England and Wales) regulations 2005 516 15.21 Ionising radiation regulations 1999 517 15.22 Lifting operations and lifting equipment regulations (LOLER) 1998 as amended in 2002 518 15.23 Management of health and safety at work regulations 1999 as amended in 2003 and 2006 521 15.24 Manual handling operations regulations (MHO) 1992 as amended in 2002 524 15.25 Notification of conventional tower cranes regulations 2010 527 15.26 Control of noise at work regulations 2005 528 15.27 Personal protective equipment at work regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 532 15.28 Provision and use of work equipment regulations 1998 (except Part IV) as amended in 2002 533 15.29 The reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 538 15.30 Safety representatives and safety committees regulations 1977 540 15.31 Health and safety (Safety Signs and Signals) regulations 1996 541 15.32 The supply of machinery (Safety) regulations 2008 543 15.33 Control of vibration at work regulations 2005 545 15.34 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 547 15.35 Work at height regulations 2005 as amended in 2007 549 15.36 Other relevant legislation in brief 553 15.37 Common Sense, Common Safety: Lord Young’s Report October 2010 560 16 STUDYSKILLS 565 16.1 Introduction 566 16.2 Find a place to study 566 16.3 Planning for study 566 16.4 Blocked thinking 567 16.5 Taking notes 567 16.6 Reading for study 567 16.7 Free learning resources from the Open University 567 16.8 Organizing for revision 568 16.9 Organizing information 568 16.10 How does memory work? 569 16.11 How to deal with exams 570 16.12 The examiners’ reports 571 16.13 The written examinations 572 16.14 NGC3 – the practical application 572 16.15 Conclusion 573 16.16 Further information 573 Contents ix 17 SPECIMENANSWERSTONEBOSHEXAMINATIONS 575 17.1 Introduction 576 17.2 The written examinations 576 17.3 NGC3 – the practical application 581 Appendix 17.1 Specimen candidate report 585 Appendix 17.2 The practical assessment 587 18 SOURCESOFINFORMATIONANDGUIDANCE 593 18.1 Introduction 594 18.2 How to search the Internet effectively 594 18.3 For-a-fee searches 596 18.4 Don’t forget the phone book 596 18.5 Privacy issues 596 18.6 Some useful web sites 596 INDEX 599