Introduction to Health and Safety at Work NGC6E BOOK.indb 1 27/07/2015 13:19 This publication is endorsed by NEBOSH as offering high quality support for the delivery of NEBOSH qualifications. NEBOSH endorsement does not imply that this publication is essential to achieve a NEBOSH qualification, nor does it mean that this is the only suitable publication available to support NEBOSH qualifications. No endorsed material will be used verbatim in setting any NEBOSH examination and all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. Copies of official specifications for all NEBOSH qualifications may be found on the NEBOSH website – www.nebosh.org.uk NGC6E BOOK.indb 2 27/07/2015 13:19 Sixth Edition Introduction to Health and Safety at Work For the NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety Phil Hughes MBE, MSc, CFIOSH Chairman NEBOSH 1995–2001. President of IOSH 1990–1991 Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MIET, CMIOSH Vice Chairman NEBOSH 1999–2008 Endorsed by NEBOSH NGC6E BOOK.indb 3 27/07/2015 13:19 Sixth edition first published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First edition 2003 Reprinted 2003 (twice) Second edition 2005 Reprinted 2006 Third edition 2007 Fourth edition 2009 Reprinted 2010 Fifth edition 2011 © 2016 Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett. All rights reserved. The right of Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hughes, Phil (Phillip W.), 1946- , author. Introduction to health and safety at work : for the NEBOSH national general certificate in occupational health and safety / Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett. -- Sixth edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Ferrett, Ed, author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health. 2. Occupational Health--Great Britain--Examination Questions. 3. Safety Management--Great Britain-- Examination Questions. WA 18.2] T55 658.3’82--dc23 2015008873 ISBN: 978-0-415-72308-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-85789-3 (ebk) Typeset in Univers LT by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire NGC6E 9780415723084 PRELIMS.indd 4 10/08/2015 15:47 Contents List of illustrations viii 3. Health and safety management systems – Preface xvi Organising – DO 1 ............................................61 Acknowledgements xviii 3.1 Organisational health and safety roles and About the authors xix responsibilities of employers, directors, How to use this book and what it covers xx managers and supervisors ...................................62 List of principal abbreviations xxiv 3.2 Concept of health and safety culture and its Safety signs xxvii significance in the management of health and safety in an organisation ......................................67 1. Foundations in health and safety ...........................1 3.3 Human factors which influence behaviour 1.1 The scope and nature of occupational health at work .................................................................69 and safety ..............................................................2 3.4 How health and safety behaviour at work can 1.2 Moral, legal and financial reasons for be improved .........................................................76 promoting good standards of health and safety ....4 3.5 Further information ..............................................88 1.3 The legal framework for the regulation of health 3.6 Practice revision questions ..................................88 and safety including sources and types of law ......7 Appendix 3.1 Leadership actions for directors and 1.4 The scope, duties and offences of employers, board members....................................................90 managers, employees and others under the Appendix 3.2 Detailed health and safety Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 ............15 responsibilities .....................................................92 1.5 The scope, duties and offences of Appendix 3.3 Safety culture questionnaire ..................94 employers, managers, employees and others Appendix 3.4 List of typical legislation requiring under the Management of Health and Safety health and safety training .....................................95 at Work Regulations .............................................28 1.6 The legal and organisational health and safety 4. Health and safety management systems – roles and responsibilities of clients and their Risk assessment and controls – DO 2 ............97 contractors ...........................................................29 4.1 Principles and practice of risk assessment ..........98 1.7 The principles of assessing and managing 4.2 General principles of prevention in relation to contractors ...........................................................33 risk reduction measures .....................................113 1.8 Further information ..............................................36 4.3 Sources of health and safety information ..........114 1.9 Practice revision questions ..................................37 4.4 Factors that should be considered when Appendix 1.1 Checklist for supply chain health and developing and implementing a safe system safety management .............................................39 of work for general work activities .....................115 Appendix 1.2 Pre-construction information .................40 4.5 Role and function of a permit-to-work Appendix 1.3 Construction phase plan ........................41 system ...............................................................119 Appendix 1.4 The health and safety file .......................42 4.6 Emergency procedures and arrangements for contacting the emergency services ...................123 2. Health and safety management systems – 4.7 Requirements for, and effective provision of, PLAN .................................................................43 first-aid in the workplace ....................................125 2.1 Key elements of a health and safety 4.8 Further information ............................................128 management system ...........................................44 4.9 Practice revision questions ................................128 2.2 Purpose and importance of setting a policy Appendix 4.1 Hazard checklist ...................................130 for health and safety ............................................51 Appendix 4.2 Risk assessment example 1: 2.3 Key features and appropriate content of an Hairdressing salon ..............................................131 effective health and safety policy ........................51 Appendix 4.3 Risk assessment example 2: Office 2.4 Further information ..............................................57 cleaning ..............................................................133 2.5 Practice revision questions ..................................58 Appendix 4.4 Asbestos examples of safe systems Appendix 2.1 Health and Safety Policy checklist .........59 of work .............................................................135 v NGC6E 9780415723084 PRELIMS.indd 5 28/07/2015 11:44 Contents 5. Health and safety management systems – 10.2 Hazards and controls for hand-held tools .........269 Monitoring, investigation and 10.3 Mechanical and non-mechanical hazards of recording – CHECK .........................................139 machinery ........................................................274 5.1 Active and reactive monitoring ..........................140 10.4 Control measures for reducing risks from 5.2 Investigating incidents .......................................149 machinery hazards ...........................................279 5.3 Recording and reporting incidents .....................157 10.5 Further information ..........................................291 5.4 Further information ............................................163 10.6 Practice revision questions ..............................292 5.5 Practice revision questions ................................163 Appendix 5.1 Workplace inspection exercises ..........165 11. Electrical safety ..................................................295 Appendix 5.2 Information for insurance/ 11.1 Principles, hazards and risks associated compensation claims .......................................167 with the use of electricity at work ...................296 11.2 Control measures when working with 6. Health and safety management systems – electrical systems or using electrical Audit and review – ACT .................................169 equipment in all workplace conditions .............304 6.1 Health and safety auditing .................................170 11.3 Further information ..........................................314 6.2 Review of health and safety performance .........173 11.4 Practice revision questions ..............................314 6.3 Further information ............................................176 6.4 Practice revision questions ................................176 12. Fire safety ...........................................................317 12.1 Fire initiation, classification, spread and 7. Workplace hazards and risk control ..................177 legal requirements ...........................................318 7.1 Health, welfare and work environment 12.2 Fire risk assessment ........................................327 requirements......................................................178 12.3 Fire prevention and prevention of fire 7.2 Violence at work ................................................181 spread ..............................................................331 7.3 Substance misuse at work .................................185 12.4 Fire alarm system and fire-fighting 7.4 Safe movement of people in the workplace ......186 arrangements ...................................................340 7.5 Working at height ...............................................192 12.5 Evacuation of a workplace ...............................347 7.6 Hazards and control measures for works of 12.6 Further information ..........................................353 a temporary nature .............................................205 12.7 Practice revision questions ..............................353 7.7 Construction activities ........................................207 Appendix 12.1 Fire risk assessment checklist ...........355 7.8 Further information ............................................215 Appendix 12.2 Typical fire notice ...............................356 7.9 Practice revision questions ................................216 Appendix 7.1 Checklist of typical scaffolding faults ...218 13. Chemical and biological health hazards and Appendix 7.2 Inspection recording form with risk control ......................................................357 timing and frequency chart ..............................219 13.1 Forms of, classification of, and health risks from hazardous substances .............................358 8. Transport hazards and risk control ....................221 13.2 Assessment of health risks ..............................362 8.1 Safe movement of vehicles in the workplace ....222 13.3 Occupational exposure limits ...........................371 8.2 Driving at work ...................................................227 13.4 Control measures .............................................373 8.3 Further information ............................................231 13.5 Specific agents .................................................382 8.4 Practice revision questions ................................231 13.6 Safe handling and storage of waste .................392 13.7 Further information ..........................................395 9. Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control .........233 13.8 Practice revision questions ..............................396 9.1 Work-related upper limb disorders .....................234 Appendix 13.1 GHS Hazard (H) Statements 9.2 Manual handling hazards, risks and control (Health only) .....................................................398 measures ...........................................................238 Appendix 13.2 Hazardous properties of waste ..........399 9.3 Manually operated load handling equipment .....243 Appendix 13.3 Different types of protective gloves ...400 9.4 Powered load handling equipment ....................245 9.5 Further information ............................................254 14. Physical and psychological health hazards 9.6 Practice revision questions ................................254 and risk control ..............................................401 Appendix 9.1 A typical risk assessment for 14.1 Noise ................................................................402 the use of lifting equipment .............................256 14.2 Vibration ...........................................................408 Appendix 9.2 Examples of manually operated load 14.3 Radiation ..........................................................413 handling equipment .........................................257 14.4 Stress ...............................................................419 Appendix 9.3 Safe use of fork-lift trucks (based on 14.5 Further information ..........................................421 an HSE document) ...........................................258 14.6 Practice revision questions ..............................422 10. Work equipment hazards and risk control ......259 15. Summary of the main legal requirements ......425 10.1 General requirements for work equipment ......260 15.1 Introduction ......................................................426 vi NGC6E BOOK.indb 6 27/07/2015 13:19 Contents 15.2 The legal framework ........................................427 15.30 The Supply of Machinery (Safety) 15.3 List of Acts, orders and regulations Regulations 2008 as amended .........................515 summarised .....................................................430 15.31 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 15.4 HSW Act 1974 as amended in 2015 ................432 2005 ..................................................................516 15.5 Environmental Protection Act 1990 .................436 15.32 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) 15.6 Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at Regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 and Work Regulations 2010 ....................................446 2013 .................................................................518 15.7 Classification, Labelling and Packaging 15.33 Work at Height Regulations 2005 as of Substances and Mixtures Regulation amended in 2007 .............................................520 (European) adopting into EU UN Globally 15.34 The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations Harmonised System of Classification and 2011 .................................................................524 Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) ...........................447 15.35 Other relevant legislation in brief .....................525 15.8 Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 .................451 16. Environmental, international and other 15.9 Construction (Design and Management) aspects of health and safety .........................537 (CDM) Regulations 2015 ..................................452 16.1 Introduction ......................................................538 15.10 Health and Safety (Consultation with 16.2 Environmental considerations ..........................538 Employees) Regulations 1996 .........................462 16.3 International issues ..........................................544 15.11 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 16.4 Health and safety in the home .........................551 Regulations (COSHH) 2002 and 2004 16.5 Safe cycling ......................................................553 Amendment .....................................................463 16.6 Further information ..........................................554 15.12 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Appendix 16.1 Scaffolds and ladders .........................555 Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR) 2002 ........467 Appendix 16.2 International travel tips ......................555 15.13 Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 ...............470 17. Study skills .........................................................557 15.14 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ...............473 17.1 Introduction ......................................................558 15.15 Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) 17.2 Find a place to study ........................................558 Act 1969 and Regulations 1998 amended in 17.3 Make a study plan ............................................558 2002, 2004 and 2008 .......................................474 17.4 Time management ...........................................558 15.16 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 ...475 17.5 Blocked thinking ...............................................559 15.17 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 17.6 Taking notes .....................................................559 1981 as amended ............................................484 17.7 Reading for study .............................................559 15.18 Health and Safety (Information for 17.8 Free learning resources from the Open Employees) Regulations 1989 .........................485 University .........................................................559 15.19 Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) 17.9 Organising for revision .....................................560 Regulations 2005 .............................................485 17.10 Organising information .....................................560 15.20 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 ..............487 17.11 Being aware of your learning style ...................562 15.21 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment 17.12 How does memory work? ...............................562 Regulations (LOLER) 1998 as amended in 17.13 How to deal with exams ..................................563 2002 .................................................................488 17.14 The examiners’ reports ....................................564 15.22 Management of Health and Safety at Work 17.15 Conclusion .......................................................565 Regulations 1999 as amended in 2003 and 17.16 Further information ..........................................565 2006 .................................................................491 18. Specimen answers to practice questions .......567 15.23 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 18.1 Introduction ......................................................568 (MHO) 1992 as amended in 2002 ....................494 18.2 The written examinations ................................568 15.24 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 .....497 18.3 GC3 – the practical application .........................573 15.25 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Appendix 18.1 Practical application report .................577 Regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 and Appendix 18.2 Practical application observation 2013 ................................................................500 sheets ..............................................................581 15.26 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (except Part IV) as 19. International sources of information and amended in 2002 and 2013 .............................502 guidance .........................................................587 15.27 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and 19.1 Introduction ......................................................588 Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 19.2 How to search the internet effectively ............588 2013 .................................................................506 19.3 Some useful websites .....................................590 15.28 Safety Representatives and Safety 19.4 Health and safety forms ...................................592 Committees Regulations 1977 ........................511 INDEX ........................................................................629 15.29 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 .............................................512 vii NGC6E 9780415723084 PRELIMS.indd 7 28/07/2015 11:44 List of illustrations Figures 1.1 People at work (© Beci Phipps) ..........................3 2.6 Working with employees and 1.2 Insured and uninsured costs providing information is a good policy (© Beci Phipps) ...................................................6 (© Beci Phipps) .................................................56 1.3 The court system in England and 2.7 Providing guidance and training is essential Wales for health and safety showing (© Beci Phipps) .................................................56 the principal courts 2.8 The policy might be good but is it put (© Beci Phipps) ...................................................9 into practice – unsafe use of a ladder 1.4 Sub-divisions and sources of law (© mikeledray / Shutterstock.com) ...................57 (© Beci Phipps) .................................................12 2.9 Emergency procedures 1.5 Diagrammatic view of ‘reasonably (© Henry Ho Shutterstock) ...............................60 practicable’ (© Beci Phipps) ..............................14 2.10 Reach truck in warehouse 1.6 HSW Act ...........................................................16 (© Corepics VOF Shutterstock) ........................60 1.7 Employees at work (© Alexander Raths 3.1 DO part of the management cycle involves Shutterstock) ....................................................18 Risk Profiling (Chapter 4), Organising and 1.8 The inspector inspects (© Lisa F. Young Implementing plans (© Beci Phipps) ................62 Shutterstock) ....................................................19 3.2 Everyone from senior management down 1.9 NEBOSH is in control here (former has health and safety responsibilities premises) (© NEBOSH) ....................................24 (© Beci Phipps) .................................................63 1.10 Typical supply chain (© Beci Phipps) ................25 3.3 Safety practitioner at the front line 1.11 Inadequate chair – it should have five feet (© ndoeljindoel Shutterstock) ...........................66 and an adjustable backrest – take care 3.4 Safety investment.............................................67 when buying second-hand ................................26 3.5 Heinrich’s accidents/incidents ratios 1.12 Diagram showing the main external (© Beci Phipps) .................................................69 agencies that impact on the workplace ............27 3.6 Well-designed workstation for sitting or 1.13 Good standards prevent harm and save standing ............................................................71 money (© Beci Phipps) .....................................28 3.7 Poor working conditions ...................................72 1.14 Domestic client: CDM applies but not 3.8 Motivation and activity ......................................73 notifiable because a short duration project 3.9 Visual perception: (a) Are the lines of the (© Phil Hughes) .................................................33 same length? (b) Faces or vase? (c) Face or 1.15 Large-scale contract: CDM applies and it is saxophone player? ............................................73 notifiable (© Phil Hughes) .................................33 3.10 Types of human failure (© Beci Phipps) ...........74 1.16 Contractors at work using a lorry-mounted 3.11 Health and Safety Law poster – must be loading grab (© Phil Hughes) ............................34 displayed or brochure given to employees ........79 2.1 The Plan, Do, Check, Act management 3.12 The law on consulting employees about cycle (© Beci Phipps) ........................................45 health and safety in your workplace. 2.2 PLAN part of the cycle involves Policy and References to the Regulations are colour- Planning (© Beci Phipps) ..................................47 coded to help find the parts that are 2.3 Well-presented policy documents most relevant to a particular organisation: (© Beci Phipps) .................................................51 for workplaces where the Safety 2.4 (a) Part of a policy commitment Representatives and Safety Committees (© Beci Phipps) .................................................52 Regulations 1977 apply; for workplaces 2.4 (b) Responsibilities (© Beci Phipps) ..................52 where the Health and Safety (Consultation 2.5 SMART performance standards or with Employees) Regulations 1996 apply objectives (© Beci Phipps) ................................53 (Source: HSE INDG232(rev1)) ...........................80 viii NGC6E BOOK.indb 8 27/07/2015 13:19 List of illustrations 3.13 Health and safety training needs and 4.29 Flow chart showing courses to be opportunities (© Beci Phipps) ...........................83 completed over a 3-year certification 3.14 Internal influences on safety culture period for EFAW and FAW. The dotted (© Beci Phipps) .................................................85 line indicates the route to be taken in 3.15 External influences on safety culture subsequent years after completion of the (© Beci Phipps) .................................................87 relevant course at year 3 ................................127 4.1 Risk assessment or profiling is covered 5.1 CHECK involves measuring performance by the DO part of the management cycle and investigating incidents (© Beci Phipps) ....141 (© Beci Phipps) .................................................98 5.2 Effective Risk control (Source: HSE) 4.2 Reducing the risk – finding an alternative (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................142 safer method when fitting a wall-mounted 5.3 Poor conditions: (a) inspection needed; boiler .................................................................99 (b) inspection in progress (c) Poor 4.3 Accident at work .............................................100 conditions in offices can cause accidents 4.4 Bird’s well-known accident triangle (© trek and shoot shutterstock) ......................144 (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................100 5.4 A dangerous occurrence – fire (Source: 4.5 Five steps to risk assessment Alamy) (© Jason Salmon Shutterstock) ..........149 (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................102 5.5 Accident at work – reconstruction of 4.6 Proper control of gases and vapours in a ladder accident showing where the a laboratory (© emin kuliyev Shutterstock) .....105 deceased person was found under the 4.7 Colour categories and shapes of signs ...........105 ladder which had toppled over while he 4.8 Examples of warning, mandatory and was attempting to adjust the height of the prohibition signs..............................................105 extending ladder (© Phil Hughes) ...................150 4.9 Falling object and construction site 5.6 (a) Accident; (b) near miss (includes entrance signs ................................................106 dangerous occurrence) damage only; 4.10 Wet floor signs ...............................................106 (c) undesired circumstances (© HSE) .............151 4.11 Examples of chemical warning signs ..............106 5.7 F. E. Bird’s well-known accident triangle 4.12 Examples of fire safety signs..........................106 (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................152 4.13 Examples of fire action signs ..........................106 5.8 Appropriate levels of investigation (Source: 4.14 Examples of first-aid signs ..............................106 © HSE) ............................................................153 4.15 LPG sign .........................................................107 5.9 Questions to be asked in an investigation 4.16 Smoke-free – no smoking sign .......................107 (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................154 4.17 Fragile roof signs ............................................107 5.10 (a) The Accident Book BI 510 (Second 4.18 Emergency shower and eye wash station Edition) ISBN 97807176640580 HSE; where there is a serious risk of chemical (b) Record form from BI 510 HSE ...............157–8 contamination (© Shutterstock) ......................109 5.11 Office ..............................................................165 4.19 Good dust control for a chasing operation. 5.12 Road repair......................................................165 A dust mask is still required for complete 5.13 Workshop .......................................................166 protection........................................................110 5.14 Roof repair/unloading ......................................166 4.20 Respiratory protection and disposable 6.1 ACT part of the health and safety overalls are needed when working in high management system (© Beci Phipps) ............170 levels of asbestos dust ...................................110 6.2 The Audit Process (© Beci Phipps) .................171 4.21 A lone worker – special arrangements 6.3 Using the audit questions for interviews required (© istockphoto) .................................112 and collecting information (© Beci Phipps) .....172 4.22 When controls break down (© Pictureguy 6.4 The audit report should be reviewed by Shutterstock) ..................................................113 senior managers with an action plan and 4.23 Checking the label for health risks ..................114 follow-up (© Beci Phipps) ...............................173 4.24 Multipadlocked hasp for locking off an 6.5 Review of performance (© Beci Phipps) ........174 isolation valve – each worker puts on their 6.6 Continual improvement part of the health own padlock....................................................115 and safety management process 4.25 A hot work permit is usually essential for (© Beci Phipps) ...............................................175 welding, cutting and burning except in 7.1 Welfare washing facilities: Washbasin large designated areas like a welding shop .............121 enough for people to wash their forearms 4.26 Entering a confined space with breathing (© bikeriderlondon Shutterstock) ....................178 apparatus, rescue tripod and rescue 7.2 Natural ventilation in a building watcher ...........................................................122 (Source: © HSE) ..............................................179 4.27 Emergency services at work ..........................123 7.3 A well-lit workplace (© HSE) ...........................180 4.28 (left) First-aid and stretcher sign (right ) 7.4 The heat equation (© Occupational Safety First-aid sign....................................................126 and Health Administration, USA) ....................181 ix NGC6E 9780415723084 PRELIMS.indd 9 10/08/2015 13:20