8101_fm_frame Page i Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Introduction to Forensic Sciences 2nd Edition WILLIAM G. ECKERT CRC Press Boca Raton New York London Tokyo 8101_fm_frame Page ii Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Publisher: Robert B. Stern Editorial Assitant: Jean Jarboe Project Editor: Helen Linna Marketing Manager: Greg Daurelle Direct Marketing Manager: Bill Boone Cover design: Dawn Boyd PrePress: Kevin Luong Manufacturing: Sheri Schwartz Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eckert, William G. Introduction to forensic sciences, second editon/ William G. Eckert Originally published: New York: Elsevier, 1992 Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-8101-0 1. Forensic sciences. I. Eckert, William G.. II. Title. QR749.H64G78 1996 616′.0149—dc20 for Library of Congress 96-54316 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press, Inc., provided that $.50 per page photo- copied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-8101-0/96/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1992 by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. © 1997 by CRC Press, Inc. No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8101-0 Library of Congress Card Number 96-54316 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 8101_fm_frame Page iii Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Table of Contents Preface The Editor Contributors Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to Forensic Sciences WILLIAM G. ECKERT 2 Historical Development of Forensic Sciences WILLIAM G. ECKERT 3 The Role of the Forensic Laboratory WILLIAM G. ECKERT AND STUART H. JAMES 4 Forensic Psychiatry WILLIAM G. ECKERT AND RONALD J. TURCO 5 Scientific Evidence in Court WILLIAM G. ECKERT AND RONALD K. WRIGHT 6 Legal Medicine and Jurisprudence CYRIL H. WECHT ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page iv Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM 7 Forensic Pathology WILLIAM G. ECKERT, AND RONALD K. WRIGHT 8 Forensic Toxicology ALPHONSE POKLIS 9 Questioned Documents WILLIAM H. STORER 10 Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation STUART H. JAMES AND CHARLES F. EDEL 11 Serology and DNA Typing GEORGE T. DUNCAN AND MARTIN L. TRACEY 12 Forensic Odontology MARK BERNSTEIN 13 The Scope of Forensic Anthropology MEHMET YASAR ÎSCAN AND SUSAN R. LOTH Appendix ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page v Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Preface This work is dedicated to students at all levels of education, who are interested in the fascinating field of forensic science. The contents of this book, by outstanding contributors, provides the reader with information on the var- ious fields of forensic science that may help them make a career choice or add to their present knowledge. Entry into this field offers a new and reward- ing challenge to students who can apply the latest in laser and computer technology to help solve the forensic problems of today. The new edition of this book has been completely updated. Information is now included on the latest techniques in DNA typing and new information on clinical forensic medicine. Many of the chapters, such as those dealing with forensic science and the law, as well as the historical background chap- ters, have also been completely rewritten. Forensic science not only benefits the scientific minded, but has appli- cations in law enforcement. It brings a more practical use of these techniques and a confidence in the results as never before seen. Everyone has potential for making discoveries in this field. The first thing is to identify what the problems are and then to apply common sense and team work to solving them. William G. Eckert, M.D. ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page vii Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM The Editor William G. Eckert, M.D., a forensic pathologist, was in the first group to be certified in this specialty by the American Board of Pathology in 1959. He has practiced this specialty in New Jersey, Florida, Virginia, New Orleans, Kansas, and California in both coroner and medical examiners’ offices and as a private consultant for both prosecution and defense attorneys. He has done extensive research in multiple areas of forensic science such as accident investigation, child abuse, serial murders, jail deaths, street gangs, and clinical forensic medicine to name a few, and his expertise has been called on to consult on numerous high-profile cases He consulted on the Charles Manson case, the Robert Kennedy case with Dr. Thomas Noguchi of Los Angeles, California, the DC-10 crash in Chicago, and the John Wayne Gacy case with the late Dr. Robert Stein of Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Eckert also con- sulted for the U.S. Department of Transportation on the jumbo jet crash in the Canary Islands. The International Reference Organization in Forensic Sciences and Med- icine, INFORM, was founded and edited by Dr. Eckert for a number of years. He established the Milton Helpern Center for the Forensic Sciences at Wichita State University which serves as a database for 120 countries. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology was founded by Dr. Eckert in 1979 and he served as the editor of this important journal for 12 years. Dr. Eckert founded the Asian Pacific Society in 1983 as well as the Pan American Asso- ciation for Forensic Sciences. Dr. Eckert also been very active in the field nationally and internationally. He is a past president of the National Association of Medical Examiners; is past president of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, and he was a secretary and vice president of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Among Dr. Eckert’s publications are a three-volume text, Forensic Medicine with Dr. C. Tedischi and Dr. L. Tedischi and Interpretation of Blood Stain Evidence at Crime Scences with Stuart H. James. Dr. Eckert has published over 50 articles and a large number of bibliographies and monographs. ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page ix Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Contributors Mark L. Bernstein, M.D. Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky George T. Duncan, M.S. Broward County Crime Laboratory DNA Unit Fort Lauderdale, Florida William G. Eckert, M.D. General and Forensic Pathology Simi Valley, California Charles F. Edel Broward County Sheriff’s Office Ft. Lauderdale, Florida M. Yasar Iscan, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Stuart H. James, B.A. Forensic Consultants, Inc. Fort Lauderdale, Florida Susan R. Loth, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Alphonse Polkis, Ph.D. Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Virginia Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page x Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM William H. Storer, M.S. Examiner of Questioned Documents St. Louis, Missouri Martin L. Tracey, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences International University Miami, Florida Ronald N. Turco, M.D. Beaverton, Oregon Cyril H. Wecht, M.D., J.D. Department of Pathology St. Francis Central Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ronald K. Wright, M.D., J.D. Fort Lauderdale, Florida ©1997 CRC Press LLC 8101_fm_frame Page xi Wednesday, August 7, 2002 10:16 AM Acknowledgments Those scientists who helped make this work a success have to be acknowl- edged and thanked, especially the authors of the last six chapters. They took the time to make our specialty understood and demonstrate a sincere appre- ciation for the forensic sciences. Since starting this book, we have lost two men who were not only friends, but teachers of this science: Dr. Robert Stein, Chief Medical Examiner of Cook County and Chicago, Illinois, and Dr. Tom Krauss, a forensic dentist from Kansas. Dr. Krauss was a well-known investigator in the application of photography at crime scenes and the study of trauma from bite marks as forensic evidence of identification. I would like to express my appreciation to the many educators of forensic sciences in departments of criminal justice, administration of justice and the schools of law enforcement (academies) in America and overseas. These teachers must be recognized for their continuing efforts in providing con- siderable leadership in improving knowledge and interest in this field. I am especially thankful that we have had the opportunity to present the newest specialty of forensic science—clinical forensic medicine. This specialty involves the evaluation of trauma in the living—murder suspects, who have injuries which can be related to those seen on the victims and injuries which are also comparable with victims of assault such as children, the elderly, or spouses. This has been an unknown possibility for prosecutors and defense attorneys in cases. It has been very fortunate that I have had the advice of two strong supporters of this book, namely, my son and attorney Bill Eckert of New Orleans, and Mr. Robert Wachendorf, an experienced and now retired attor- ney from New Jersey, who supplied the medicolegal aspects. This book was written for young people who are starting out in the field of forensic sciences. I sincerely hope we have achieved our hope of giving them an insight into a fascinating and rewarding field. ©1997 CRC Press LLC