Significant Dates and Events in the History of Clinical Psychology Wilhelm Wundt establishes first formal psychology laboratory at the 1879 University of Leipzig. Sir Francis Galton establishes first mental testing center at the South 1885 Kensington Museum, London. 1890 James McKeen Cattell coins the term mental test. 1892 American Psychological Association (APA) founded. 1895 Breuer and Freud publish Studies in Hysteria. Lightner Witmer founds first psychological clinic, University of 1896 Pennsylvania. 1905 Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale published in France. 1907Witmer founds first clinical journal, The Psychological Clinic. 1908 First clinical internship offered at Vineland Training School. William Healy founds first child-guidance center, the Juvenile 1909 Psychopathic Institute, Chicago. Freud lectures at Clark University. Goddard's English translation of the 1908 revision of the Binet-Simon 1910 Intelligence Scale published. 1912 J.B. Watson publishes Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It. 1916 Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test published. Clinicians break away from APA to form American Association of 1917 Clinical Psychology (AACP). 1919 AACP rejoins APA as its clinical section. 1920Watson and Rayner demonstrate that a child's fear can be learned. 1921 James McKeen Cattell forms Psychological Corporation. 1924Mary Cover Jones employs learning principles to remove children's fears. 1931 Clinical section of APA appoints committee on training standards. 1935 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) published. Clinical section of APA breaks away to form American Association for 1937 Applied Psychology (AAAP). 1938 First Buros Mental Measurement Yearbook published. 1939Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test published. Carl Rogers publishes Counseling and Psychotherapy, outlining an 1942 alternative to psychodynamic therapy. 1943Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) published. 1945 AAAP rejoins APA. Journal of Clinical Psychology published. Connecticut State Board of Examiners in Psychology issues first certificate to practice psychology. Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health begin 1946 support for training of clinical psychologists. 1947 American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology organized. Shakow Report recommends clinical training standards to APA. Colorado conference on training in clinical psychology convenes, 1949 recommends “Boulder Model.” APA publishes first standards for approved internships in clinical 1950 psychology. American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 1952 (DSM-I) published. 1953 APA's Ethical Standards for Psychologists published. 1955Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test published. 1956 Stanford Training Conference. 1958Miami Training Conference. Clinical Division of APA holds NIMH-sponsored conference about research on psychotherapy. 1959 The first psychotherapy benefit in a prepaid insurance plan appears. 1965 Chicago Training Conference. Psy.D. training program begins at the University of Illinois, Urbana- 1968 Champaign. Second edition of DSM (DSM-II) published. Committee on Health Insurance begins campaign to allow payment of clinical psychologists' services by health insurance plans without requiring medical supervision. 1969 California School of Professional Psychology founded. APA begins publication of the journal, Professional Psychology. Department of Defense health insurance program authorizes payment of 1970 clinical psychologists' services without medical referral. Classes begin at California School of Professional Psychology, the first independent clinical psychology training program in the United States Council for the Advancement of Psychological Professions and Sciences, 1971 a political advocacy group for clinical psychology, is organized. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology published. 1972Menninger Conference on Postdoctoral Education in Clinical Psychology. 1973 Vail, Colorado, Training Conference. 1974 National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology established. Federal government allows payment for clinical psychologists' services to its employees without medical supervision or referral. APA establishes Standards for Providers of Psychological Services. First Inter-American Congress of Clinical Psychology held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. All fifty U.S. states have certification or licensing laws for clinical 1977 psychologists. 1980 Third edition of DSM (DSM-III) published. Smith, Glass, and Miller publish The Benefits of Psychotherapy. Blue Shield health insurance companies in Virginia successfully sued for refusing to pay for clinical psychologists' services to people covered by their plans. 1981 APA publishes its revised Ethical Principles of Psychologists. Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Hospitals allows clinical 1983 psychologists to become members of hospital medical staffs. 1987 DSM-III-R published. Conference on graduate education in psychology, Salt Lake City, Utah. 1988 American Psychological Society formed. California Supreme Court affirms right of clinical psychologists to 1990 independently admit, diagnose, treat, and release mental patients without medical supervision. Dick McFall publishes “Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology.” Commander John L. Sexton and Lt. Commander Morgan T. Sammons complete psychopharmacology program at Walter Reed Army Medical 1993 Center, becoming first psychologists legally permitted to prescribe psychoactive drugs. 1994 DSM-IV published. Amendment to Social Security Act guarantees psychologists the right to independent practice and payment for hospital services under Medicare. Academy of Psychological Clinical Science is established. APA task force of clinical psychologists publishes list of empirically 1995 validated psychological therapies and calls for students to be trained to use them. Dorothy W. Cantor becomes first president of APA to hold the Psy.D. 1996 rather than the Ph.D. 2000 DSM-IV-TR published. New Mexico grants prescription privileges to specially trained clinical 2002 psychologists. 2005 APA sponsors a Presidential Task Force on evidencebased practice. Psychologists win a second settlement in two years in federal court 2006 alleging that managed care companies conspired to reduce and delay provider payments in violation of federal law. The U.S. House of Representatives passes legislation requiring mental 2008 health parity: The Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2007 . 2009 University of Illinois becomes the first PCSAS accredited program. 2013 DSM-5 published. Introduction to Clinical Psychology Eighth Edition Geoffrey P. Kramer Douglas A. Bernstein Vicky Phares Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan  Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo  Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief: Ashley Dodge Executive Editor: Susan Hartman Editorial Project Manager: Reena Dalal Vice President/Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Executive Marketing Manager: Wendy Albert Marketing Assistant: Frank Alarcon Digital Media Editor: Rachel Comerford Managing Editor: Denise Forlow Project Manager, Production: Annemarie Franklin Manufacturing Buyer: Diane Peirano Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Karen Noferi Composition: Laserwords Pvt Ltd, India Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text (or on page 517). Copyright © 2014, 2009, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kramer, Geoffrey P. Introduction to clinical psychology / Geoffrey P. Kramer, Douglas A. Bernstein, Vicky Phares. — Eighth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-205-87185-2 (alk. paper) 1. Clinical psychology. I. Bernstein, Douglas A. II. Phares, Vicky. III. Title. RC467.N54 2014 616.89—dc23 2013012895 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0-205-87185-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-87185-8 Contents 1. Preface vii 2. Acknowledgments viii 1. Section I Basic Concepts 1 1. Chapter 1 What Is Clinical Psychology? 1 1. An Overview of Clinical Psychology 2 2. Clinical Psychologists at Work 8 3. Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century 14 1. Chapter Summary 18 2. Chapter 2 Clinical Psychology’s Past and Present 22 1. The Roots of Clinical Psychology 22 2. Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow 29 3. The Major Approaches Develop 33 4. The Pros and Cons of Taking a Specific Approach 44 1. Chapter Summary 46 2. Section II Assessment 49 1. Chapter 3 Basic Features of Clinical Assessment 49 1. An Outline of the Assessment Process 50 2. The Goals of Clinical Assessment 54 3. Clinical Judgment and Decision Making 63 4. Psychometric Properties of Assessment Instruments 67 5. Other Factors Affecting Assessment Choices 70 6. Communicating Assessment Results 73 7. Ethical Considerations in Assessment 76 1. Chapter Summary 77 2. Chapter 4 Interviewing and Observation in Clinical Psychology 82 1. Clinical Interview Situations 82 2. Interview Structure 87 3. Stages in the Interview 91 4. Research on the Interview 97 5. Observational Assessment: Goals and Benefits 100 6. Observational Assessment: Approaches 102 7. Research on Observational Assessment 108 1. Chapter Summary 110 3. Chapter 5 Testing in Clinical Psychology 116 1. Basic Concepts in Psychological Testing 116 2. Cultural Fairness and Bias in Psychological Tests 122 3. Tests of Intellectual Functioning 124 4. Tests of Attitudes, Interests, Preferences, and Values 131 5. Tests of Psychopathology and Personality 132 6. The Current Status of Psychological Testing 142