I N T R O D U C T I O N T O BI TECHN L GY This page intentionally left blank I N T R O D U C T I O N T O BI TECHN L GY THIRD EDITION William J. Thieman Ventura College, Emeritus Michael A. Palladino Monmouth University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor-in-Chief: Beth Wilbur Senior Acquisitions Editor: Michael Gillespie Executive Director of Development: Deborah Gale Project Editor/Development Editor: Leata Holloway Assistant Editor: Leslie Allen Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp Director of Production: Erin Gregg Managing Editor: Michael Early Production Project Manager: Lori Newman Production Management: Cenveo Publisher Services/Nesbitt Graphics, Inc. Copyeditor: Heidi Thaens Compositor: Cenveo Publisher Services/Nesbitt Graphics, Inc. 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This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Benjamin Cummings is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thieman, William J. Introduction to biotechnology / William J. Thieman, Michael A. Palladino. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-321-76611-3 (pbk.) 1. Biotechnology. I. Palladino, Michael Angelo. II. Title. TP248.2.T49 2012 660.6--dc23 2011046710 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—EDB—15 14 13 12 11 ISBN 10: 0-321-76611-3 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 13: 978-0-321-76611-3 To my wife, Billye, the love of my life, and to the hundreds of biotechnology graduates who are now doing good science at biotechnology companies and loving every minute of it. W. J. T. To my 10 nieces and nephews, Jordan, Eric, Hannah, Vincent, Noah, Sara, Andrew, Sofia, David and Amelia, you are unique and wonderful treasures of our family! M. A. P. This page intentionally left blank About the Authors Authors Michael Palladino and Bill Thieman William J. Thieman taught biology at Ventura College Michael A. Palladino is Dean of the School of Science for 40 years and biotechnology for 11 years before re- and an Associate Professor of Biology at Monmouth tiring from full time teaching in 2005. He continues to University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. He teach the biotechnology course part-time. He received received his B.S. degree in Biology from Trenton State his B.A. in biology from California State University College (now known as The College of New Jersey) in at Northridge in 1966 and his M.A. degree in Zool- 1987 and his Ph.D. in Anatomy and Cell Biology from ogy in 1969 at UCLA. In 1993, he started a biotechni- the University of Virginia in 1994. He joined the Mon- cian training program at Ventura College. In 1995, he mouth faculty in 1999. added laboratory skills components to the course and Dr. Palladino has taught a wide range of under- articulated it as a state-approved vocational program. graduate courses. He has received several awards for re- Mr. Thieman has taught a broad range of under- search and teaching, including the Distinguished Teacher graduate courses including general, human, and can- Award from Monmouth University, the Caring Heart cer biology. He received the Outstanding Teaching Award from the New Jersey Association for Biomedi- Award from the National Biology Teachers Associa- cal Research, and the Young Investigator Award of the tion in 1996 and the 1997 and 2000 Student Success American Society of Andrology. At Monmouth, he has Award from the California Community Colleges Chan- an active lab of undergraduate students involved cellor’s Office. The Economic Development Association in research on the cell and the molecular biology of presented its 1998 Program for Economic Develop- male reproductive organs. He is founder and director of ment Award to the biotechnology training program at the New Jersey Biotechnology Educators Consortium, a Ventura College for its work with local biotechnology statewide association of biotechnology teachers. companies. His success in acquiring grants to support Dr. Palladino is author of Understanding the Human the program was recognized at the 2007 Conference of Genome Project, the first volume in the Benjamin Cummings the National Center for Resource Development. Special Topics in Biology Series, for which he also serves as series editor. Dr. Palladino is also coauthor on the writing team of W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, and C. A. Spencer for the textbooks Concepts of Genetics and Essentials of Genetics, both published by Pearson Education. vii Preface I t is hard to imagine a more exciting time to be as agricultural biotechnology (Chapter 6), forensic bio- studying biotechnology. Advances are occurring at technology (Chapter 8), bioremediation (Chapter 9), and a dizzying pace, and biotechnology has made an aquatic biotechnology (Chapter 10). Consideration of the impact on many aspects of our everyday lives. Now in many regulatory agencies and issues that affect the bio- its third edition, Introduction to Biotechnology remains technology industry are discussed in Chapter 12. In addi- the first biotechnology textbook written specifically for tion to the ethical issues included in each chapter as You the diverse backgrounds of undergraduate students. Decide boxes, a separate chapter (Chapter 13) is dedi- Appropriate for students at both 2- and 4-year and vo- cated to ethics and biotechnology. cational technical schools, Introduction to Biotechnology provides students with the tools for practical success in the biotechnology industry through its balanced cov- New Features of the Third Edition erage of molecular biology, details on contemporary techniques and applications, integration of ethical is- The third edition of Introduction to Biotechnology includes sues, and career guidance. several new instructor resources and exciting features: Introduction to Biotechnology was designed with sev- eral major goals in mind. The text aims to provide: ■ Forecasting the Future briefly highlights excit- ing new areas of biotechnology that the authors ■ An engaging and easy-to-understand narrative predict will be worth watching in the future. that is appropriate for a diverse student audience with varying levels of scientific knowledge. ■ Making a Difference at the end of each chapter ■ Assistance to instructors teaching all major areas spotlights particularly beneficial aspects of bio- of biotechnology and help to students learning technology applications that have had major im- fundamental scientific concepts without over- pacts in improving the quality of life. whelming and excessive detail. ■ More end-of-chapter Questions & Activities, ■ An overview of historic applications while em- including more Internet-based exercises. phasizing modern, cutting-edge, and emerging ■ A computerized test bank with multiple-choice areas of biotechnology. questions for each chapter; electronic files for all ■ Insights on how biotechnology applications can images in the textbook; and PowerPoint Lecture provide some of the tools to solve important sci- Outline slides conveniently located on the In- entific and societal problems for the benefit of hu- structor’s Resource Center, www.pearsonhighered mankind and the environment. .com/educator. ■ Inspiration for students to ponder the many ethi- ■ NewYou Decide entries have been added to cal issues associated with biotechnology. stimulate student interest in controversial areas of Introduction to Biotechnology provides broad cover- biotechnology. age of topics including molecular biology, bioinfor- In addition, each chapter has been thoroughly matics, genomics, and proteomics. We have striven to revised and updated to provide students with current incorporate balanced coverage of basic molecular biol- information on emerging areas of biotechnology. Of ogy with practical and contemporary applications of special note are the following changes: biotechnology to provide students with the tools and knowledge they need to understand the field. ■ Chapter 1: The Biotechnology Century and In our effort to introduce students to the cutting- Its Workforce. Includes updated content on the edge techniques and applications of biotechnology, we current state of the biotechnology industry, com- have dedicated specific chapters to such emerging areas pany mergers, biotechnology and pharmaceutical viii Preface ix company revenues, funding sources for starting a method for creating animals with gene knockouts biotechnology company, and investigational new and knock-ins; and the importance of a national drugs. project to determine the function of all the genes in a rat by using knockout technology. ■ Chapter 2: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. Includes a new section titled “Revealing ■ Chapter 8: DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic the Epigenome,” which provides an introduction to Analysis. Includes the progress in utilizing per- epigenetics and its importance to genetic diseases sonal DNA sequencing as a precursor to diagnosis; and disease treatments. the shift from RFLP to PCR fingerprinting and the reasoning behind it; new examples of DNA fin- ■ Chapter 3: Recombinant DNA Technol- gerprint comparisons using the CODIS sites; new ogy and Genomics. Includes updated content examples of DNA sequences to identify certified on the Human Genome Project, a new section products; and new examples of nonhuman DNA called “10 Years after the Human Genome Proj- comparisons. ect,” and new coverage of the Genome 10K Plan, Human Microbiome Project, and personal- ■ Chapter 9: Bioremediation. Includes updated content of GM species for bioremediation and a ized genomics. Major content updates have been new section highlighting the roles of bioremedia- made to DNA sequencing technologies, including tion in cleanup at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in a new section and figure titled “Next-Generation the Gulf of Mexico. Sequencing.” ■ Chapter 10: Aquatic Biotechnology. Includes ■ Chapter 4: Proteins as Products. Includes ex- revised content on aquaculture, bioprospecting, and amples of delivery vehicles for proteins that over- biotechnology products from aquatic organisms. come the difficulty of administering protein drugs; progress on designing protein structures based on ■ Chapter 11: Medical Biotechnology. Includes reorganized and revised content on the Human the 1,200 superfamilies that have been discov- Genome Project and genetic testing along with ered; the increased emphasis on discovery of bio- a new section on direct-to-consumer genetic marker proteins that can indicate disease at earlier tests, updated content on gene therapy tech- stages; and the design of nanoparticles that deliver nologies, and new and updated content on proteins designed to attach to sites on cancer cells induced-pluripotent stem cells and stem cell to destroy them. regulations. ■ Chapter 5: Microbial Biotechnology, includes ■ Chapter 12: Biotechnology Regulations. new content on metagenomics, the Human Includes a discussion of the uses and dangers of Microbiome Project, a new section on synthetic synthetic genomes and potential regulations; the genomes, and a new section on microbes for potential for faster drug approvals through the making biofuels. sharing of information on drug failures in tri- ■ Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology Includes the als; effect of FDA publication of long-term effects work of nonprofit research groups in develop- of previously approved drugs; the effect of the ing new varieties of transgenic plants; the shift in USPTO’s decision that gene sequences for diag- emphasis to plant transgenic crops in developing nostic purposes are not patentable; new FDA poli- countries, which are now the majority users; the cies designed to protect participants in drug trials; addition of new transgenic crops and the expan- and the importance of current training of biotech sion of others to include stacks of traits; new company employees based on examples. emphasis on different biofuels from plant wastes ■ Chapter 13: Ethics and Biotechnology. and algae; progress in biopharming, edible vaccines, Includes reorganized content and an abbreviated and their importance; and current ways of dealing chapter format, new information on risk assess- with resistant insects and weeds that have devel- ments, and a new You Decide on field trials of oped from the use of these crops. GM insects. ■ Chapter 7: Animal Biotechnology. Includes a shift in direction from drugs to vaccines for hu- Returning Features mans of all ages and the rationale behind it; the significance of animal testing for drugs toward treatments for animal diseases; the benefits of cell- Introduction to Biotechnology is specifically designed to culture testing before animal testing for regulatory provide several key elements that will help students approval; the first approval of a drug produced enjoy learning about biotechnology and prepare them in a transgenic goat to treat a type of stroke; new for a career in biotechnology.