[J^ ^ Six tl^ d itio n SPECIAL Q e INDIAN EDITION INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS PETER NORTON In tern S n H T M l Office For Sale in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan only Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reli­ able. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any infor­ mation published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor Its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this Infor* mation. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying in­ formation but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are re­ quired. the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought m Tata McGraw-Hill PETER NORTON’S* INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Indian Adaptation done by arrangement with the McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.. NewYbrk Sales territories: India. Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. Ninth reprint 2008 RYXDCDRXRB8YA Copyright (D 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some andllaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. ISBN-13:97S4M>7-0S9374*9 ISBN-10:0-07-059374-4 Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008. typeset m Times at Script Makers. 19, A1-B. DDA Market, Pashchim Vlhar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at Pashupati Printers, 1/429/16, Gali No. 1, Friends Colony. G.T. Road, Shahdara, Delhi 110 095 Cover Printer: SDR Printers Cover Design: Kapil Gupta The McGraw-Hill Contponies Ez& sscr PHMTPMTQ AT A Cl I Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems 2 Chapter 0: Working in the Online World 330 Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses 3 Lesson 9A: Connectinq to the Internet 331 Lesson IB: Lookina Inside the Computer Svstem 24 Lesson 9B: Doinq Business in the Online World 345 Chapter 2: Interaction with Your Computer 48 Chapter 10: Workinq with Application Software 382 Lesson 2A: Using the Kevboard and Mouse 49 Lesson 10A: Productivity Software 263 Lesson 2B: Inputting Data in Other Wavs 68 Lesson 10B: Graphics and Multimedia 383 Chapter 3: Secinq, Hearing, and Printin') Data 88 Chapter 11: Database Management 400 l>ctnn 3A; Virfpo and Snunri 89 Lesson 11 A: Database Manaqement Systems 401 Lesson 3B: Printinq 107 Lesson 11B: Survey of Database Systems 42Q Chanter 4: Processing Data 124 Chanter 12: Software Proaramminq and Development 438 Lesson 4A: Transfbrmina Data into Information 12S Lesson 4B: Modem CPUs Ufi Lesson 12A: Creating Computer Proqrams 439 Lesson 12B: Proaramminq Lanauaoes and the Proqramminq Process 456 Chapter 5; Storina Data m Lesson SA: Types of Storaqe Devices m Chanter 13: Protectina Your Privacy. Lesson SB: Measurinq and Improving Drive Performance 107 Your Computer, and Your Data 478 Lesson 13A: Understanding the Need for Security Measures 477 Chapter 6: Usina Ooeratinu Systems 204 Lesson 13B: Takina Protective Measures 497 Lesson 6A: Oporatinq Svstem Basics 205 lesson 6B: Survev of PC and Network Appendix A: Creating Your Own Web Paae 518 Ope ratino Systems 22k Appendix B: Buyinq Your First Computer 528 Appendix C: Computer Viruses 532 Chanter 7: Networks 242 Annendix D: History of Microcomputers 538 Lesson 7A: Networkinq Basics 243 267 Appendix E: Self-Check Answers SS8 Chapter & Presenting the Internet 284 Lesson 8A: The Internet and the World 286 Lesson 8B: E-Mail and Other Internet Services 312 Urheberrechtlich geschutzies ^ aterial FEATURE ARTICLES At Issue Productivity Tig Computerized Oisease Manaqement 36 Choosinq the Riqht Tool for the Job 12 Computer Votinq—Is It a Good Thinq? 62 Savinq Time with Keyboard Shortcuts 60 10? The Care and Feedinq of Printers 114 134 Do You Need Mnn> RAM? 140 Digital Student Portfolios 192 Backino Up Your Data 174 Controllinq Computers with the Mind 228 Do-It-Yourself Tech Support 214 252 The Telecommuter's Checklist----------------— 220 Stompinq Out Spam 316 Evaluatino the Reliability of Search Results On the Beat with Techno-Cops 336 and Web Sites JQ4 Who Reallv Owns the Software on Your PC? 372 Sharinq an Internet Connection 340 Ptav Ball! Baseball Enters the Information Aqe 414 Automatinq Your Work with Macros 376 Hot and Oh-So-Cool: Technoloqv Forecasts 0ataha<e Macros 4?fi the Weather 450 Findinq Faster Alqorithms 448 Software Piracy 490 Keepinq Your PC Up to Date 486 Norton Notebook Computers In Your Career The Merqinq of Media and Meaning 18 Usinq Computers Outside of the IT Industry 40 Speech Recoqnition 74 HanfaMiv Technician 7R Flat Video Is Anvthinq But 98 Computer Traininq Specialist 116 What Is a Computer Chip? 150 Computer Sales Professional 156 Lookinq Back, Movinq Forward 180 Careers in Outsourcinq 194 Chanqinq Your PCs Operatinq System 198 Help Desk and Technical Support Specialists 234 Fiqhtinq Hackers 260 Careers in Networkinq 276 Internet Time Travel: The Wayback Machine 294 Documentation and Online Help System Desiqner 322 Business, the Internet and Everything 352 Career Opportunities and the Internet 354 Whv Own When You Can Rent? 390 Careers in Multimedia 392 406 430 Artificial Intelligence: Will Computers Ever Think? 466 Careers in Proqramminq 468 Nexus: Converqinq Technologies 506 Computer Scientist 510 X Urheberrechtlich geschutztes Material nONTFNTS data 25 IkoK 26 Introducing Computer Systems 2 - The Information Processing Cycle 26 Chapter Contents 2 Essential Computer Hardware 22 I »«nn 1A; Processing Devices 28 Exploring ConHHiters and Their Um 3_ Memory Devices 22 Random Access Memory 21 Overview: Computers in Our World 3- Read-Only Memory 22 The Computer Defined 4 Input and Output Devices 20 Computers for Individual Users 5 Storage Devices 21 Desktop Computers 5 Magnetic Storage 21 Workstations 8 Optical Storoqe 32 Notebook Computers 8 Software Brings the Machine to Life 22 Tablet PCs Z System Software 23 Handheld PCs 7 Application Software 33 Smart Phones 1 Computer Oata 24 Computers for Organizations 8 At Issue: Computerized Disease Management 28 Network Servers 8 Computer Users 28 Mainframe Computers 9 The User's Rote 28 Minicomputers 10 “Usertess* Computers 22 Supercomputers 10 Computers In Your Careen Using Computers Computers in Society 11 Outside of the IT Industry 40 Productivity Tip: Choosing the Right Tool Lesson IB Review 42 for the Job 12 Chapter Skills Review 48 Why Are Computers So Important? 12 Chapter Labs 48 Horn# Vr Education IS­ __Discussion Questions 42 Research and Report 42 SmaU Business IS. Ethical Issues 42 Industry 16. Government 12 Health Care 18 CHAPTER 2:: Norton Notebook: The Merging of Media Interacting with Your Computer and Meaning 18 Chapter Contents 48 Lesson 1A Review 20 lp «n n 8 8 ; Lesson 1B; Using the Keyboard and Mouse 49 Looking ln>ld» the Computer System 24 Overview: The Keyboard and Mouse 42 Overview: Dissecting the Ultimate Machine 24 The Keyboard SO The Parts of a Computer System 25 The Standard Keyboard Layout SO Hardware 25 The Alphanumeric Keys 5fl Software 25 _____The Modifier Keys 42 xl Urheberrechllich geschut The Numeric Keypad 51 Chapter Labs 84 The Function Keys 51 DisnK<fon AtiPctfnnc R5 The Cursoi'Movement Keys 52 Research and Report 85 Soeciol-Purpcse Keys 52 Ethical Issues 85 How the Computer Accepts Input from the Keyboard 53 CHAPTER 3;: The Mouse 54 Seeing. Hearing, and Printing Data 86 Usina the Mouse 56 Chapter Contents 86 Mouse Button Configurations S3 Variants of the Mouse 5ft 58 Trackpads 59 Overview: Reachina Our Senses with Siaht and Sound 97 Pointers in the Keyboard 59 Monitors 88 Productivity Tip: Savfnq Time With Keyboard CRT Monitors 89 Shortcuts ffl) 90 Erqonomics and InDut Devices 60 Other Types of Monitors 92 Repetitive Stress Injuries 61 Comparinq Monitors 93 Avoidinq Kevboard-Related Injuries 62 Sin 94 At Issue: Computer Votina—Is It a Good Thinq? 62 94 Lesson 2A Review Refresh Hate 99 Dot Pitch 96 Lesson 2B: Virion farrfe 96 Inputting Data In Other Ways 68 Erqonomics and Monitors 97 Overview: Options for Every Need and Preference 68 Eyestrain 97 Devices for the Hand 69 Norton Notebook: Rat Video Is Anvthina But 98 Pens 69 Elect romaqne tic Fields 98 Touch Screens 70 Data Projectors 100 Game Controllers 70 Sound Systems 100 Optical Input Devices 71 Sound Cards 100 Bar f«do RparhifS 71 Headphones and Headsets 102 Jmaqe Scanners and Optical Character At Issue: Call of the Wild: Bioaeroustle Research 1ft? Recoqnition (OCR) 72 Lesson 3A Review 104 Norton Notebook: Speech Recoqnition 74 Audiovisual Input Devices 74 Lesson 311; Microphones *4 Printing 107 Other Types of Audio Input 76 Overview: Puttina Diqital Content in Your Hands 107 Video Input 77 Commonlv Used Printers 108 Digital Cameras 77 Dot Matrix Printers 108 Computers In Your Careen Hardware Technician 78 Ink Jet Printers 110 Lesson 2B Review an Laser Printers 111 Chapter Skills Review 84 All-in-One Peripherals 112 xll Contents Urheberrechtlich geschulztes Material Comparing Printers 112 The Computers Internal Clock E High-Quality Printers U I The Bus E S Phntn Printers m The Data Bus B Productivity Tip: The Care and Feeding of Printers Hit The Address Bus " Itefmal-Wax Printers m B,it Storulnirh B Pye-Sublimation Printers 115 Cache Memory B Productivity Tip: Do You Need More RAM? E Plotters 116 Lj»«on 4A Review E Computers In Your Careen Computer Training Specialist 116 L«*mn 3B Review ua Lesson 4B: Modem CPUs I Chanter Skills Review 122 Owrvipw: The Race for the Desktop Chapter labs 122 E ALflQklfttife.the_P.rMtt}ot S Discussion Questions 123 B Microcomputer Processors - Research and Report 123 E Intel Processors Ethical Issues 123 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Processors B FwxkmIi* Processors CHAPTER 4” B Processing Data 124 Comparing Processors E B Chapter Contents iik Norton Notebook: What Is a Computer Chip? B Lesson 4A: RISC Processors B Transforming Data into Information 125 Parallel Processing E Extending the Processor's Power to Other Devices E Overview: The Difference between Data Standard Computer Ports B and Information 125 Serial and Parallel Ports B How Computers Represent Data 126 Specialized Expansion Ports B Number Systems 12& E SCSI Bits and Bytes 122 E USB Text Codes 12Z B IEEE 1394 (FirtWirt) How Computers Process Data 12& Musical Instrument Dtoitot Interface (MIDI) b The CPU 130 Expansion Slots and Boards B m Computers In Your Career: Computer Sales The Arithmetic Lode Unit ua E Machine Cycles 130 b eciaabL Memory 131 Plug and Play b 132 Lesson 4B Review E U2 Chapter Skills Review S Volotilt Memory 132. ’ Chapter labs E Factors Affecting Processing Speed 133 Discussion Questions E Registers 133 Research and Report E At Issue: Cyborgs Among Us: Wearable Technology 134 Ethical Issues E Memory and Computing Power____________ 134 Contents CHAPTER 5:: At Issue; Digital Student Portfolios______________192 Storing Data 164 Orive-Interface Standards 192 Enhanced Inteqrated Drive Electronics (ODE) 193 Chapter Contents 164 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) 193 Lesson 5A: USB and FireWire 194 Types of Storage Devices 165 Computers In Your Careen Careers in Outsourdna 194 Lesson SB Review 196 Overview: An Ever-Growinq Need 165 Cateoorizing Storage Devices 166 Chapter Skills Review 200 Maqnetic Storage Devices 166 Chapter labs 200 How Data Is Stored on a Disk 166 Discussion Questions ?01 How Data Is Orqanized on a Maqnetic Disk 168 Research and Report 202 Troekt and Stcton 168 Ethical Issues ?0? How the Operatinq System Finds Data on a Disk 170 Diskettes (Floppy Disks) 171 CHAPTER 6:: Hard Disks 173 Usinq Operatinq Systems 204 Removable Hiqh-Caparitv Maqnetic Disks 173 Chapter Cpntents 204 Tape Drives 174 Productivity Tip: Bacldnq Up Your Data 174 Lesson 6A: Optical Storaqe Devices 175 Operating System Basics 205 CO-ROM 176 Overview: The Purpose of 0Derating Systems 205 DVD-ROM 177 Types of Operalinq Systems 206 Recordable Optical Technologies 17S Real-Time Operating Systems 20$ Solid-State Storaqe Oevices 179 Sinqle-User/Sinqle-Taskinq Operatinq Systems 206 Flash Memory 179 Single-User/Multitaskina Operating Systems 2Q$ Norton Notebook: Looking Back, Moving Forward 180 Multi-User/Multitasking Operatinq Systems 207 Smart Cards 1RO Providing a User Interface 208 Solid-State Disks 182 Graphical User Interfaces 208 Lesson 5A Review 183 Command-Line Interfaces ?11 Running Programs 212 Lesson 5B: Sharing Information 213 Measuring and Improving Drive Productivity Tip: Do-It-Yourself Tech Support 214 Performance 1B7 Managing Hardware 215 Overview: The Need for Speed 187 Processing Interrupts 216 Averaoe Access Time 188 Workinq with Device Drivers 216 Data Transfer Rate 1M Enhancing an OS with Utility Software 216 Optimizing Disk Performance 189 Backup Utilities 217 Cleaning Up Unneeded Files 189 Antivirus ‘ ?17 Scanninq a Disk for Errors 190 Firewall 217 Defiraqmentinq a Disk 190 Intrusion Detection 217 File Compression 190 Screen Savers 217 xiv Contents Urheberrechllich geschutztes Material Norton Notebook: Changing Your PCs Overview: Sharing Data Anywhere, Anytime__________ 243 Operating System__________________________ 218 The Uses of a Network 244 I mm" 6 A Review___________________ 220 Simultaneous Access 244 Shared Peripheral Devices 245 Lesson 6B; Personal Communications 246 Survey of PC and Network Easier Data Backup 247 Operating System*____________________ 224 Common Tvpes of Networks 248 Overview: Operating Systems Yesterday and Today 224 Local Area Networks (LANs) 248 PC Operating System*________________________ 225 Wide Area Networks (WANs) 248 DOS____________________________________ 225 Hybrid Networks 248 Window* NT Workstation___________________ 225 Campus Area Networks (CANs) 249 Windows Qx_____________________________ 226 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 249 Windows 2000 Professional________________ 228 Home Area Networks (HANs) 249 Windows XP_____________________________ 228 Intranets and Extranets 249 The Macintosh Operating Svstem____________ 229 Hnw Networks Are Structured 250 UNIX for the Desktop_____________________ 229 Server-Based Networks 250 Linux for the Desktop 229 Client/Server Networks 250 At Issue: Controlling Computers with the Mind 230 Peer-to-Peer Networks 251 Network Operating Systems___________________ 230 At Issue: Catching 'Cvberslackers' on the Job 252 Windows NT Server_______________________ 231 Network Topoloqies and Protocols 253 Windows 7000 Server_____________________ 232 255 Windows Server 2003_______________________ 232 255 Novell NetWare__________________________ 232 256 1IMTX for Servers_________________________ 233 Network Hardware 256 lima for Servers_________________________ 233 Network Interface Cards (NICs) 256 Embedded Operating Systems_________________ 233 Network IMrioq Devices 256 Computers In Your Career: Help Desk and Cabling Equipment 258 Technical Support Specialists_______________ 234 Norton Notebook; Fighting Hackers 260 Imtton 6B Review_________________________ 236 Protocols 261 lesson 7A Review 263 Chapter Skills Review______________________ 240 Chapter Labs____________________________ 240 Lesson 7B; Qisnission Questions_____________________ 241 Data Communications 267 Research and Report_____________________ 241 Overview: The Local and Global Reach of Networks 267 Cthical Issues___________________________ 241 Oata Communications with Standard Telephone | ine< and Modems 268 CHAPTER 7:: Modems 268 Networks________________________ 242 Ihet for a Modem 270 Chapter Contents__________________________ 242 Productivity Tip: The Telecommuter's Checklist 270 Using Digital Data Connections 271 Lesson 7A: Rmadhand Connections 272 Networking Baelcs___________________ 243 Contents DSL Technotoaks 272 Getting Help with Your Browser 299 Htvietn riuuwtinn*_______________ 271 Searching the Web 299 em___________________________ 274 Using a Directory 301 Wireless Networks_____________________________ -21k Using a Search Engine 301 Wireless; 802,11____________________________ -222 Usino Boolean Operators in Your Searches 302 _22S Wireless Access Point_______________________ Usino Advanced Seo'ch Options 303 Wireless Adapter 27S Productivity Tip: Evaluating the Reliability of Computers In Your Careen Careers in Networking 276 Search Results and Web Sites 304 711 Review____________________________ 278 Using a Metasearch Engine 306 Chapter Skills Review_________________________ 282 Sponsored versus Nonsponsored Links 306 Using Site-Specific Search Tools 307 Chapter Labs_______________________________ 282 L#cuui BA Review 308 rWimifin Questions________________________ _283 Research and Report________________________ 283 1 »«nn ftB? Ethical Issues______________________________ E-Mail and Other Intam at Services 312 Overview: Communicating Through the Internet 312 CHAPTER 8:: Usinq E-Mail 313 Presenting the Internet_____________ 284 Understanding E-Mail 313 Chapter Contents_____________________________ 284 ai* Ustserv Systems 314 Lesson BA: Using an E-Mail Proqram 314 The Internal and.lha.Wflrid.Mflda .Weh_ 285 Creatinq a Message 314 Ov£ivi£w:.yyhat Is the Internet?_________________ _2&S Receiving and Reading a Menage 315 The Internet's History_________________________ 286 At Issue: Stomoing Out Soam 316 The Beginning: A "Network of Networks'*_______ 286 Using Web-Based E-Mail Services 317 Today; Still Growing________________________ 287 317 The Internet's Major Services___________________ 288 317 Understanding the World Wide Web______________ 288 FTP 319 How the Weh Works_________________________ Internet Relav Chat (IRC) and Web-Based Chat 320 Web Browsers and HTML Taos_________________ _J2Q Instant Messaging 321 URLs_____________________________________ _221 Online Services 321 Helper Applications and Multimedia Content 292 Peer-to-Peer Services 322 Norton Notebook: Internet Time Travel: Computers In Your Careen Documentation and The Wayback Machine 294 Online Help System Designer 322 Usino Your Browser and the World Wide Web______ 295 Lesson 8B Review 324 launching Your Browser 296 Chapter Skills Review 328 Navigating the Web 296 Chapter Labs 328 Using URLs 296 Discussion Questions 329 Usino Hvoertinks_______________________________ 297 Research and Report 329 Using the Browser's Nanoathn Took_____________ 298 Ethical Issues 329 Closing Your Browser________________________ xvl Contents Urheberrechllich geschutztes Material