Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. United States Interviews with Chiefs of Department of Agriculture the Conservation Soil Soil Conservation Service: Williams, Grant, Service Davis, and Berg Edited by Steven E. Phillips and Douglas Helms Economics and Social Sciences NHQ Division, Historical Notes Number 3 Cover contains photos ofthe four SCS chiefs interviewed in this volume: Top left: Donald Williams Top right: Kenneth Grant Bottom left: Mel Davis Bottom right: Norm Berg Cover designed by Jimmy Todd, SCS Photos: courtesy ofthe SCS Office ofPublic Affairs The United States Department ofAgriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital orfamilial status, (Not all prohibitedbases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means ofcommunication ofprogram information (braille, largeprint, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office ofCommunication at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary ofAgriculture, U S. Department ofAgriculture. Washington, D C., 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1 127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. Interviews with Chiefs of the Soil Conservation Service: Williams, Grant, Davis, and Berg Edited by Steven E. Phillips and Douglas Helms Economics and Social Sciences Division Soil Conservation Service United States Department ofAgriculture Washington, D.C. 20013 August 1994 Table of Contents Introduction i Donald A. Williams 1 Kenneth E. Grant 41 R. M. (Mel) Davis 81 Norman A. Berg 121 Appendix One: Frequently Used Acronyms 195 Appendix Two: List ofChiefs and Administrators 197 NOTE: Detailed tables ofcontents for the interviews are placed at the beginning of each section. Introduction Here, with varying degrees ofcandor, is the story ofthe Soil Conservation Service, told by four men who ran the agency from the Eisenhower to the Reagan administrations, a period ofabout thirty years. First came the late Donald A. Williams, who had the formidable task ofmanaging the long-term development ofthe Service after the tenure ofits crusading founder, Hugh Hammond Bennett. Next Kenneth E. Grant led the agency as environmental concerns grew and urban or suburban citizens demanded more assistance. Under Mel Davis, the Service attempted to cope with the expansion ofland in production agriculture (largely a consequence oflarge grain sales to the Soviet Union) even as budgetary pressures increased. Finally, Norman A. Berg steered the agency during a time ofrenewed interest in environmental concerns. He was also the last "career chief," that is, he worked his way up the ranks ofthe Service to the top position. (Note: the title for the top position in the Service has switched between "chief' and "administrator.") We edited these interviews with a light hand so as to give the reader a feel for the conversational style ofeach man. We endeavored to transmit not only what they said but also how they said it. Several themes tie their tenures together. From its initial emphasis on soil conservation on agricultural land, the Service has steadily expanded into areas like flood prevention and rural economic development. Each chief sought to accomplish these new tasks while maintaining the agency's traditional role of service to farmers. Perhaps the most contentious issue was, and is, the perceived conflict between economic development and environmental protection. This is clear in disputes over the use ofstructural measures for flood control, channelization, and agricultural chemicals. Other common issues include the organization ofthe Service and relations with Congress and the White House. Readers seeking to learn more about specific issues or programs discussed in these interviews are advised to turn to Readings in the History ofthe Soil Conservation Senhce (Historical Notes Number 1992) by National Historian 1, Douglas Helms. We would like to thank Messrs. Williams, Grant, Davis, and Berg. Each graciously gave oftheir time, both for the interviews and to review the transcripts. Barbara Cook and Sheree Gross ofthe Economics and Social Sciences Division (ECN) cheerfully helped with the tedious task oftranscribing the interview tapes. Nancy Mathews and Anne Henderson ofStrategic Planning Division, as well as Jennifer Harr and Leigh Ann Mays ofECN made valuable suggestions for improving the readability ofthe text. Finally, we greatly appreciate the efforts ofClaudette Hayes ofthe Service's Publication and Printing Branch, who has managed the printing ofthis and earlier volumes in the Historical Notes series. Steven Phillips Douglas Helms Historian National Historian