A O. B RNOLD ECKMAN (1900-2004) INTERVIEWED BY MARY TERRALL October 16–December 4, 1978 ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Chemistry Abstract Interview in two sessions, 1978, with Arnold O. Beckman—alumnus, faculty member, and trustee of Caltech and founder of Beckman Instruments (now Beckman Coulter, Inc.)—begins with his recollections of his early interest in chemistry. He attends University High School at Illinois State Normal University. Brief stint in the Marine Corps near end of World War I. After the war, he continues his education at the University of Illinois in Urbana, where he studies with C. S. Marvel, Gerhard Dietrichson, and Richard Chace Tolman. B.S. (chemical engineering) 1922, M.S. (physical chemistry) 1923. Follows Tolman to Caltech; does his graduate work with Roscoe Dickinson. Recollections of Arthur Amos Noyes and the Chemistry Division. Leaves Caltech in 1924 before receiving his PhD, works for Walter Shewhart at Bell Laboratories on West Street in Manhattan. Noyes prompts him to return to his graduate studies; he does so in the fall of 1926; joins Caltech faculty after receiving PhD in 1928. His consultant work and development of the pH meter. Development and production of the Helipot (helical potentiometer) and the quartz (Model DU) spectrophotometer. Establishes National Technical Laboratories while still a member of the Caltech faculty; leaves Caltech in 1939 to become its president (name changed to http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Beckman Instruments in 1950). Use of Helipots and spectrophotometers in World War II. In 1953, he returns to Caltech as a member of the Board of Trustees (chairman 1964-1974). Comments on Linus Pauling controversy; on changes in American work ethic prompting moving of plants overseas; on admission of women to Caltech. Founds Lincoln Club of Orange County, 1962. His interest in behavioral biology and creation of Caltech’s Beckman Laboratories of Behavioral Biology. Recalls his involvement in air-pollution abatement in Los Angeles in the late 1940s and early 1950s and the work of Arie Haagen-Smit. Administrative information Access The interview is unrestricted. Copyright Copyright has been assigned to the California Institute of Technology © 1981, 2004. All requests for permission to publish or quote from the transcript must be submitted in writing to the University Archivist. Preferred citation Beckman, Arnold O. Interview by Mary Terrall. Pasadena, California, October 16–December 4, 1978. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. Retrieved [supply date of retrieval] from the World Wide Web: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Contact information Archives, California Institute of Technology Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626) 395-2704 Fax: (626) 793-8756 Email: [email protected] Graphics and content © 2004 California Institute of Technology. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEW WITH ARNOLD O. BECKMAN BY MARY TERRALL PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Caltech Archives, 1981 Copyright © 1981, 2004 by the California Institute of Technology Beckman–ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTERVIEW WITH ARNOLD O. BECKMAN Session 1 1-20 Childhood in rural Illinois; University High School at Illinois State Normal University; first interest in chemistry; backyard experiments; encouragement from father; high school chemistry class; job as piano player in local movie house. Joins U.S. Marines, 1918; job in steel plant as chemist; boot camp in South Carolina; transfer to Brooklyn Navy Yard; meets future wife; end of war; summer 1919 trip to Idaho and Yellowstone Park. University of Illinois; organic chemistry work; switch to physical chemistry; R. C. Tolman and decision to do graduate work at Caltech; edits Illinois Chemist in college; works for Eastman Kodak. Trip by car to California, 1923; first impressions of Caltech; research with R. Dickinson; interest in photochemistry; teaches glassblowing course. Session 2 21-65 A. A. Noyes’s role in Caltech educational policy; undergraduate curriculum; becomes teaching assistant for freshman chemistry; Noyes’s administration of Chemistry Division. Work at Bell Labs’ Western Electric plant in downtown Manhattan before receiving PhD; marriage and move back to Pasadena; interest in electronics; thesis work in photochemistry; becomes instructor at Caltech, teaches chemistry to undergraduate engineers. Outside work for National Postal Meter Company; consulting work; approached by Illinois classmate about pH meter; produces and markets pH meters; attitude at Caltech toward business ventures. Oversees Caltech instrument shop; glassblowing; works with architect on plans for Crellin Lab. Getting into business full time; splits National Technical Laboratories off from National Postal Meter Company; develops potentiometer and spectrophotometer. Works on potentiometer for radar program in World War II; growth of company; market for pH meters; infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometers for wartime use; radiation-monitoring equipment for Oak Ridge and Hanford. Joins Caltech Associates; invitation to serve as trustee; growth of Caltech; Board of Trustees and Linus Pauling case; political activities; growth of Beckman Instruments; changing techniques in chemical analysis; reasons for moving plants overseas. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Beckman–iii Caltech’s decision to admit women; growth of government funding of research; interest in behavioral biology; Beckman Laboratories of Behavioral Biology; Court of Man; air pollution an issue in Los Angeles Basin; history of technical investigation of smog; A. Haagen-Smit; consulting on horse-doping cases. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT Interview with Arnold O. Beckman by Mary Terrall Pasadena, California Session 1 October 16, 1978 Session 2 December 4, 1978 Begin Tape 1, Side 1 TERRALL: I know you were born in Cullom, Illinois. Is that a farming town? BECKMAN: Yes. Right in the middle of a farming community, a little over a hundred miles south of Chicago. TERRALL: And what was your father’s occupation? BECKMAN: He was a blacksmith. TERRALL: How long had he lived there? Was he from that area? BECKMAN: He was born in Fairbury, Illinois, but he lived in Cullom virtually all of his life, until 1912, when we moved down to Normal, Illinois. That’s when I entered high school. TERRALL: I see. Did you have brothers and sisters? BECKMAN: Yes, two brothers and one sister. Fig. 1. Arnold Beckman (standing on step) with his siblings at the family home in Cullom, Illinois. Photo Caltech Archives. Beckman–2 TERRALL: In Cullom, what were the schools like? Was it very isolated? BECKMAN: Oh, we didn’t think so. It had its own high school as well as grade schools. No, I thought it was a good school. My next older brother went to high school there, but then I went down to University High School at Normal, Illinois—this was part of the Illinois State Normal University [ISNU], as it was called at that time; it’s Illinois State University now. University High was sort of a group on which the teachers practiced. It was a very good high school. The size was limited to, I think, 240 students maximum, and I got in by a scholarship. TERRALL: How did you happen to move there? Was it specifically in order to send you to that school? BECKMAN: Yes. TERRALL: When did you first become interested in science? Was that before high school? BECKMAN: Oh, yes. My interest was aroused by my finding in the attic an old textbook on chemistry—[Joel Dorman] Steele’s Fourteen Weeks in Chemistry, printed in 1867. It was a textbook used by my aunt. I don’t know where she went to school, but anyway this textbook was up in the attic. About half the book was instructions for carrying out simple experiments, and that intrigued me, and in this little town I tried to carry out these experiments. My father was interested, and he built me a little shed—we called it a shop—out there, about eight by ten feet, in which I fixed up a bench and tried to carry out the simple experiments, getting chemicals from the local drugstore. TERRALL: What kind of experiments were they? BECKMAN: Oh, electroplating with copper sulfate, and we’d use vinegar and baking soda— sodium bicarbonate—lye, ordinary things of that sort. TERRALL: Was this really your interest? Were your friends interested in it, your brothers? http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Beckman–3 BECKMAN: No. TERRALL: It was really just you. BECKMAN: Just my own interest, yes. TERRALL: So you spent a lot of time by yourself doing it? BECKMAN: That’s right. TERRALL: You said that your father was interested; he built you the shed. BECKMAN: That was for my tenth birthday. He built me the shed and bought me a set of tools. Of course, he thought maybe I’d be blacksmith or a carpenter. TERRALL: So that really encouraged you? BECKMAN: That encouraged me, yes, and the shed also. We used that as a local clubhouse. We had a Cub Scout group and we used the shed as a meeting room. You see, this is a small town, so there were only eight or ten of us involved—boys, that is. TERRALL: Did the other boys follow what you were doing at all, or were they interested? BECKMAN: They were not interested in chemistry, no. TERRALL: So you moved, then, to go to high school. What kind of chemistry classes did you have in high school? BECKMAN: Well, we had just the general high school chemistry class, but at that time I knew I was going to be a chemist. I was so sure of it that I persuaded the high school people to let me http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Beckman–4 change from the standard curriculum, which had four years of Latin. I said, “I want to substitute chemistry for Latin.” So they allowed me to take the high school chemistry in the sophomore year instead of in the junior or senior year, where it normally came. And on the basis of that, then they allowed me to take university chemistry courses while I was still in high school. So I had two and a half years of university chemistry by the time I graduated from high school. TERRALL: The university—Illinois State Normal University—was right there? BECKMAN: We were part of the university. We were the students used by university students for teaching practice. The [high school] buildings were right on the university grounds. Fortunately, the university had a very sympathetic chemistry professor—Professor Howard W. Adams. He was the one who encouraged me. He allowed me to enroll as a high school student in the university classes. He encouraged me in many ways. I can give you one example. ISNU was not a research institution, it was a university for training teachers. Professor Adams persuaded me to enroll jointly with him in a correspondence course in metallography—this is where you polish metal specimens, etch them, and then photograph them. Well, they had no facilities there for photographing, so on weekends we would drive over to the University of Illinois, about fifty miles away, and use their photographic equipment. He did this, took his time, to drive over there on innumerable weekends, just to keep up my interest in chemistry. So I’ve always been indebted to him for the encouragement I got. TERRALL: So you were satisfied. In high school you didn’t feel that you were stuck, since you had a chance to do university work. BECKMAN: Oh no, not at all. Of course I was busy, too. I was working my way through school. TERRALL: Yes. I was going to ask you about what kind of jobs you had. BECKMAN: I played the piano in the local moviehouse and in local dance orchestras—we called them orchestras in those days, not bands. Particularly in my junior and senior years, I was playing every night at the movies. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A Beckman–5 TERRALL: They had a piano, not an organ? BECKMAN: I played both. This was the Irvin Theatre in Bloomington. It had a small orchestra and a pipe-organ, and I’d spell the orchestra by playing the organ, so I’d have to switch from piano to organ and back. TERRALL: Did the orchestra play along with the movies as well? BECKMAN: Oh, yes. This was in the days before talkies, you know. Particularly for the major pictures, we had music scores that were sent out with the film so that everything was coordinated and properly timed. When they had special scores, then the director would have to arrange a schedule of music. Of course, then I played a little in a smaller theatre, where I’d have to keep one eye on the screen and play appropriate music—mood music, hurry music, different music like that. TERRALL: Have you kept up with that over the years? BECKMAN: Not really, no. I play a little for my own enjoyment, but not much. TERRALL: So that was the job you had through high school? BECKMAN: All through high school, yes. TERRALL: Well, let’s see, then World War I came along, right? BECKMAN: Yes. Then I joined the marines, in the summer of ’18. I had one brother who was in the army and one who was in the navy, so to keep neutral I joined the marines. TERRALL: Is that how you chose? http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Beckman_A