P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Interventional Techniques in Uro-oncology EDITED BY Hashim Uddin Ahmed, MRCS, BM, BCh(Oxon), BA(Hons) MedicalResearchCouncilClinicalResearchFellow SpecialistRegistrarinUrology DivisionofSurgeryandInterventionalScience UniversityCollegeLondon UniversityCollegeLondonHospitalsNHSFoundationTrust, London,UK Manit Arya, FRCS, FRCS(Urol) FellowinLaparoscopicandMinimallyInvasiveSurgery King’sCollegeHospital London,UK Peter T. Scardino, MD TheDavidH.KochChair Chair,DepartmentofSurgeryandHeadofProstateCancerProgram MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter NewYork,USA Mark Emberton, FRCS(Urol), FRCS(Eng), MBBS, BSc ProfessorofInterventionalOncologyandHonoraryConsultantUrologist DivisionofSurgeryandInterventionalScience UniversityCollegeLondonHospitalsNHSFoundationTrust London,UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Interventional Techniques in Uro-Oncology, Edited by Hashim Uddin Ahmed, Manit Arya, Peter T. Scardino & Mark Emberton. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-19272-9 i P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Thiseditionfirstpublished2011,(cid:1)C 2011byBlackwellPublishingLtd BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’s publishingprogramhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedical businesstoformWiley-Blackwell. 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Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Interventionaltechniquesinuro-oncology/EditedbyHashimUddinAhmed...[etal] p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-9272-9(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-4443-2990-2(ePDF)– ISBN978-1-4443-2989-6(WileyOnlineLibrary)–ISBN978-1-4443-2991-9(ePub) 1.Genitourinaryorgans–Endoscopicsurgery. 2.Laparoscopicsurgery. I.Ahmed,Hashim Uddin,editor. II.Arya,Manit,editor. III.Scardino,PeterT.,1945–editor. IV.Emberton, Mark,editor. [DNLM:1.UrologicNeoplasms–surgery. 2.UrologicSurgicalProcedures–methods. 3.SurgicalProcedures,MinimallyInvasive–methods.WJ160] RD572.I582011 617.4(cid:2)60597–dc22 2010052263 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDF9781444329902; WileyOnlineLibrary9781444329896;ePub9781444329919 (cid:1) Setin9/11.5ptSabonbyAptaraR,Inc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2011 ii P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Contents Contributors,iv Prefacetothefirstedition,vii 1 Rationaleforminimallyinvasiveinterventionaltechniquesinurologicalcancer,1 ColeDavis,MatthewR.Cooperberg,KatsutoShinohara,andPeterR.Carroll 2 Brachytherapyforprostatecancer,10 JohnSylvesterandPeterGrimm 3 High-intensityfocusedultrasound,34 MarkusMargreiterandMichaelMarberger 4 Prostateandrenalcryotherapy,50 ChadR.Ritch,AaronE.Katz,HashimU.Ahmed,andManitArya 5 Radiofrequencyablation,68 AdamS.Feldman,PeterR.Mueller,andW.ScottMcDougal 6 Photodynamictherapy,86 CarolineM.Moore,StephenG.Bown,JohnTrachtenberg,andMarkEmberton 7 Perspectivesonnanotechnology,102 AleksandarF.Radovic-Moreno,KaiP.Yuet,RobertS.Langer,andOmidC. Farokhzad 8 Imagingindiagnosisandstagingofurologiccancers:magneticresonanceimaging, 118 JurgenJ.Fu¨ttererandStijnT.W.P.J.Heijmijnk 9 Imagingindiagnosisandstagingofurologicalcancers:ultrasound,CT,andPET, 141 JorgeRioja,CharalamposMamoulakis,StavrosGravas,andJeandelaRosette 10 Imagingafterminimally-invasiveinterventionsinurologicalcancers,177 RowlandIllingandAlexKirkham Index,197 Colorplatesectioncanbefoundfacingpage168 iii P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Contributors Manit Arya Omid C. Farokhzad Fellow AssociateProfessorofAnesthesia LaparoscopicandMinimallyInvasiveSurgery DepartmentofAnesthesia King’sCollegeHospital BrighamandWomen’sHospital London,UK HarvardMedicalSchool Boston,MA,USA Stephen G. Bown ProfessorofLaserMedicineandSurgery Adam S. Feldman NationalMedicalLaserCenter AssistantProcessorofSurgery UniversityCollegeLondon DepartmentofUrology London,UK MassachusettsGeneralHospital HarvardMedicalSchool Peter R. Carroll Boston,MA,USA ProfessorandChair,DepartmentofUrology KenandDonnaDerr–ChevronDistinguished Jurgen J. Futterer Professor InterventionalRadiologist AssociateDean,SchoolofMedicineDirectorof DepartmentofInterventionalRadiology ClinicalServicesandStrategicPlanning NijmegenMedicalCenter HelenDillerFamilyComprehensiveCancerCenter RadboudUniversity UniversityofCalifornia Nijmegan,TheNetherlands SanFrancisco,CA,USA Stavros Gravas Matthew R. Cooperberg DepartmentofUrology AssistantProfessor UniversityHospitalofLarissa DepartmentofUrology Larissa,Greece HelenDillerFamilyComprehensiveCancerCenter UniversityofCalifornia Peter Grimm SanFrancisco,CA,USA ProstateCancerTraetmentCenter Cole Davis Seattle,WA,USA UrologicOnconlogyFellow Stijn T.W.P.J. Heijmink DepartmentofUrology HelenDillerFamilyComprehensiveCancerCenter ResidentinRadiology UniversityofCalifornia DepartmentofRadiology SanFrancisco,CA,USA NymegenMedicalCenter RadboudUniversity Mark Emberton Nymegen,TheNetherlands ProfessorofInterventionalOncologyandHonorary ConsultantUrologist Rowland Illing DivisionofSurgeryandInterventionalScience DepartmentofSpecialistImaging UniversityCollegeLondon UniversityCollegeHospital London,UK London,UK iv P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome CONTRIBUTORS Aaron E. Katz Caroline M. Moore CarlA.OlssonProfessorandViceChairmanof ClinicalLecturerinUrology Urology UniversityCollegeLondonandUniversityCollege Director,CenterforHolisticUrology LondonHospitalTrust ColumbiaUniversityMedicalCenter London,UK NYPresbyterianHospital NewYork,USA Peter R. Mueller Professor Alex Kirkham DepartmentofRadiology DepartmentofSpecialistImaging MassachusettsGeneralHospital UniversityCollegeHospital HarvardMedicalSchool London,UK Boston,MA,USA Robert S. Langer Aleksandar F. Radovic-Moreno DavidH.KochInstituteProfessor Harvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand Harvard-MITDivisionofHealthScienceand Technology Technology MITDepartmentofChemicalEngineering MITDepartmentofChemicalEngineering Cambridge,MA,USA Cambridge,MA,USA Jorge Rioja Charalampos Mamoulakis DepartmentofUrology Urologist AMCUniversityHospital ClinicalFellowinEndourology Amsterdam,TheNetherlands DepartmentofUrology AMCUniversityHospital Chad R. Ritch Amsterdam,TheNetherlands DepartmentofUrology Michael Marberger ColumbiaUniversityMedicalCenter NYPresbyterianHospital ProfessorandChairman NewYork,USA DepartmentofUrology UniversityofViennaMedicalSchool Jean de la Rosette Vienna,Austria DepartmentofUrology Markus Margreiter AcademicMedicalCenter Departmentofurology UniversityofAmsterdam UniversityofViennaMedicalSchool Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Vienna,Austria Katsuto Shinohara W. Scott McDougal Professor DepartmentofUrology DepartmentofUrology HarvardMedicalSchool HelenDillerFamilyComprehensiveCancerCenter MassachusettsGeneralHospital UniversityofCalifornia Boston,MA,USA SanFrancisco,CA,USA v P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome CONTRIBUTORS John Sylvester Hashim U. Ahmed MedicalDirector MedicalResearchCouncilClinicalResearchFellow LakewoodRanchOncology SpecialistRegistrarinUrology Center DivisionofSurgeryandInterventionalScience Bradenton,FL,USA UniversityCollegeLondon UniversityCollegeLondonHospitalsNHS FoundationTrust London,UK John Trachtenberg Professor Kai P. Yuet DepartmentofSurgery Harvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand UniversityofToronto Technology PrincessMargaretHospital MITDepartmentofChemicalEngineering Toronto,Canada Cambridge,MA,USA vi P1:SBT Color:1C fm BLBK353-Arya January14,2011 19:28 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Preface to the First Edition Thefaceofurologicalcancersischanging.Wearedi- Thisbookprovidesacomprehensivereviewofthe agnosingdiseaseearlierwiththewindowofopportu- state-of-the-artinminimallyinvasiveinterventions.It nityforcurethatismuchgreaterasaresult.However, iswrittenfortrainingandpracticingoncologists,urol- withsuchachangecomesashiftinthepatternofma- ogists,andradiologistsaswellasthegeneralphysician lignancieswithlow-volume,low-riskdiseaseincreas- with a keen interest in cancer care. It is written to ingly found and treated. The need for refined inter- allow the nonexperts among this wider fraternity to ventions that carry accurate targeting through novel understandwhatisavailableandwhetheraparticular imaging,minimalsideeffects,andequaleffectiveness interventionissuitablefortheirpatientintheclinic. to extirpative surgery is now more paramount than ever. HashimAhmed Wehaveinvitedmanyeminentgroupstowritethe ManitArya chapters.Thesephysiciansnotonlypracticethefield PeterScardino theywriteaboutbutarealsoendeavoringtoforward MarkEmberton the technologies and concepts within research pro- 2011 grams that have patients with cancer at their heart. Weare,indeed,verygratefultotheseexperts. vii P1:SBT Color:1C plate BLBK353-Arya January10,2011 22:1 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome (a) (b) (c) (d) A B C D E F G 6 6 5 5 4 4 15 12 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 U/S (e) (f) Plate1.3 MultiparametricMRIinamanwithtwoprevious (circleswithlinesandthecirclewithdots;numbersrepre- negativeprostatetransrectalbiopsiesonabackgroundof sentingmaximumcancercorelengthinvolvement).(f)The arisingPSA(3.6ng/mLto5.8ng/mL)andapositivefam- patientsubsequentlyhadsurgeryinwhichthetumorwas ilyhistory.(a–d)AllMRIsequences(T2W,ADCmapand againshowntobeintheanteriortransitionzone.(Images highb-valuediffusionweighted,dynamiccontrastenhance- providedcourtesyofHashimUAhmed,UniversityCollege ment)ona1.5Tscannerdemonstrateananteriortumor. London,UK.) (e)Thiswasconfirmedontransperinealtemplatebiopsies Interventional Techniques in Uro-Oncology, Edited by Hashim Uddin Ahmed, Manit Arya, Peter T. Scardino & Mark Emberton. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-19272-9 1 P1:SBT Color:1C plate BLBK353-Arya January10,2011 22:1 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome 36000 Spherical [r=2.2] 36000 89 sources in 32 catheters Axial Spherical [r=2.2] 50 sources in 14 catheters Axial 510404000 14400 5000 53.67 mm 54.67 mm 64 Slice areas [cm^2] Slice areas [cm^2] Prostate15.15 Prostate 15.15 Urethra Urethra Image None Rectum Image None Rectum Plate2.3 Pureuniformloading(a)andpureperipheralloading(b). 36000 Spherical [r=2.2] 94 sources in 30 catheters Axial 14400 5000 100% V 100: 98–100% 150% V 150: 40–50% U V 200: 10–20% 51.58 mm 200% Urethra : 100– 125% RV 100: <1.0 cc Margin: >5 mm Margin Slice areas [cm^2] Prostate15.15 RR Urethra Image None Rectum Plate2.4 Modifieduniformloading(a)andSeattlemodel(b). 2 P1:SBT Color:1C plate BLBK353-Arya January10,2011 22:1 Trim:246mmX189mm PrinterName:YettoCome Plate3.3 AblathermHIFUsystem.Treatmentmodule(left).Controlmodule(right).(Reproducedwithpermissionfrom FocusSurgery,Inc.) Plate3.4 Sonablate500HIFUsystem.Console(left).Coolingdevice(right).HIFUprobewitharticulatedarm(Topright). (ReproducedwithpermissionfromFocusSurgery,Inc.) 3