Internet Technologies and Information Services Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Basic Research Methods for Librarians, Fifth Edition Lynn Silipigni Connaway and Ronald R. Powell Public Libraries in the 21st Century Ann E. Prentice Introduction to Technical Services, Eighth Edition G. Edward Evans, Jean Weihs, and Sheila S. Intner Science and Technology Resources: A Guide for Information Professionals and Researchers James E. Bobick and G. Lynn Berard Reference and Information Services: An Introduction, Fourth Edition Richard E. Bopp and Linda C. Smith, Editors Collection Management Basics, Sixth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Library and Information Center Management, Eighth Edition Barbara B. Moran, Robert D. Stueart, and Claudia J. Morner Information Resources in the Humanities and Arts, Sixth Edition Anna H. Perrault and Elizabeth Aversa, with contributing authors Cynthia Miller and Sonia Ramírez Wohlmuth The Collection Program in Schools: Concepts and Practices, Fifth Edition Kay Bishop The School Library Manager, Fifth Edition Blanche Woolls, Ann C. Weeks, and Sharon Coatney Young Adult Literature in Action: A Librarian’s Guide, Second Edition Rosemary Chance Children’s Literature in Action: An Educator’s Guide, Second Edition Sylvia M. Vardell INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES AND INFORMATION SERVICES Second Edition Joseph B. Miller Library and Information Science Text Series Copyright 2014 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, Joseph B., 1952- Internet technologies and information services / Joseph B. Miller. — Second edition. pages cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61069-473-5 (pbk: alk. paper) 1. Libraries and the Internet. 2. Libraries—Information technology. I. Title. Z674.75.I58M55 2014 020.285'4678—dc23 2014013761 ISBN: 978-1-61069-473-5 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5 Libraries Unlimited An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To my wife Susan, for a lifetime of love and support This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ..............................................................................xvii Acknowledgments ..............................................................xxi PART 1: Internet Technologies 1·I ntroduction .............................................................. 3 The Internet and the Changing IT World ..........................3 The Internet Defined .......................................................5 A Brief History of the Internet ..........................................5 Administration of the Internet .........................................7 Net Neutrality ...............................................................8 IT Foundations ................................................................9 Computers: The Binary Machine ...................................9 Client–Server Architecture ...........................................13 The Internet and Technology Trends .............................13 Computing to Connecting ............................................13 Bandwidth .................................................................14 Going Mobile in a Post-PC World ..................................15 There’s an App for That ..............................................15 The Cloud ..................................................................16 Big Data .....................................................................16 Going Open Source .....................................................16 Internet-Based Collaboration ......................................17 The Long Tail .............................................................17 The Internet of “Everything” ........................................17 Summary ......................................................................19 viii Contents Notes.............................................................................20 References .....................................................................20 2·The World Wide Web .................................................23 The Development of the Web ..........................................23 Key Web Technologies: URLs, HTTP, and HTML .............25 The Invisible Web: Below the Surface .............................26 Web 2.0 .........................................................................27 The Mobile Web .............................................................27 The Social Web ..............................................................28 Blogs and RSS ...............................................................29 Wikis ..............................................................................29 Social Networking Sites .................................................29 Virtualization, Grids, and Clouds ..................................30 Virtual Machines and Virtualization ..............................30 Grids ..............................................................................32 Cloud Computing ...........................................................33 Cloud Architecture .....................................................34 Cloud Application Examples ......................................35 Extending the Browser ..................................................36 Using the Web ...............................................................37 Information Seeking .......................................................37 eCommerce ....................................................................37 The Web and Traditional Media. ....................................38 Education .......................................................................39 Summary ......................................................................40 References .....................................................................40 3·Network and Connection Technologies ....................43 Network Basics .............................................................43 The OSI Network Reference Model .................................44 Key Concepts and Terminology ......................................45 N etwork Hardware ........................................................46 The Network Interface ....................................................46 Packet Forwarding and Routing Hardware ...................46 Wired Network Topologies ..............................................47 Wireless Networks .........................................................50 Protocols: Rules for a Common Language ......................51 Ethernet ........................................................................52 Virtual Private Networks ................................................54 Proxy Servers ................................................................54 Connecting to the Internet .............................................55 The Internet Service Provider (ISP) .................................55 Modems. .........................................................................56 Analog Phone Service: POTS and PSTN .........................57 Broadband Services .......................................................57 Leased Telephone Lines ............................................58 Integrated Services Digital Network. ..........................58 Digital Subscriber Line ...............................................59 Contents ix Cable Broadband .......................................................59 Satellite Internet Service ............................................60 Fiber Options: FiOS Internet, U-Verse, and Google ........................................................................60 Wi-Fi Broadband ........................................................61 Mobile and Cellular Data Services .................................62 Mobile Phones ................................................................62 Mobile Layers .................................................................63 Data Services .................................................................64 Broadband Technologies and the Digital Divide .............65 Summary ......................................................................66 References .....................................................................67 4·Internet Technologies: TCP/IP .................................69 Packet Switching and TCP/IP ........................................69 IP Packet Address Headers ............................................71 ARP ...............................................................................74 TCP, UDP, and ICMP .....................................................74 IP Addressing ................................................................76 Private IP Addresses, NAT, and APIPA ..........................79 IPv6 ................................................................................80 Managing IP Address Assignments ...............................80 Routing and Subnet Masks ...........................................83 Firewalls and Proxy Servers ...........................................87 The Domain Name System .............................................87 Domain Name Registration ............................................88 DNS Lookups .................................................................90 TCP/IP, System Layers, and OSI ....................................91 Command Utilities for TCP/IP .......................................92 Summary ......................................................................93 References .....................................................................93 Additional Reading ........................................................94 5·H igher-Level Internet Protocols: Making the Internet Work ....................................................95 Email: SMTP, POP, IMAP ...............................................96 Real-Time Internet Connections ....................................98 Telnet and TN3270 ........................................................99 RTP and IRC ..................................................................99 File Management with FTP ..........................................100 Protocols for Information Services ...............................100 The Gopher Protocol .....................................................101 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol ..................................101 HTTP and Statelessness ..........................................105 HTTP Secure. ............................................................106 SNMP and LDAP ..........................................................107 Summary ....................................................................107 References ...................................................................108 Additional Reading ......................................................108