Internet of Things Giancarlo Fortino Paolo Trunfio Editors Internet of Things Based on Smart Objects Technology, Middleware and Applications Internet of Things Technology, Communications and Computing Series editors Giancarlo Fortino, Rende (CS), Italy Antonio Liotta, Eindhoven, The Netherlands For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11636 Giancarlo Fortino Paolo Trunfio • Editors Internet of Things Based on Smart Objects Technology, Middleware and Applications 123 Editors Giancarlo Fortino PaoloTrunfio DIMES Universityof Calabria Rende (CS) Italy ISBN 978-3-319-00490-7 ISBN 978-3-319-00491-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00491-4 Springer ChamHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht London LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014936031 (cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The Internet of Things (IoT) usually refers to a worldwide network of inter- connectedheterogeneousobjects(sensors,actuators,smartdevices,smartobjects, RFID, embedded computers, etc.) uniquely addressable, based on standard com- munication protocols. Beyondsuchadefinition,anewdefinitionofIoTisemergingseenasaloosely coupled, decentralized system of cooperating Smart Objects (SOs). An SO is an autonomous,physicaldigitalobjectaugmentedwithsensing/actuating,processing, storing, and networking capabilities. SOs are able to sense/actuate, store, and interpret information created within themselves and around the neighboring externalworldwheretheyaresituated,actontheirown,cooperatewitheachother, andexchangeinformationwithotherkindsofelectronicdevicesandhumanusers. Their importance resides in the capabilities they have to make physical environ- ments ‘‘smart’’ so as to provide novel cyber-physical services to people. However,suchSO-orientedIoTraisesmany‘‘in-the-small’’and‘‘in-the-large’’ issues involving SO programming, IoT system architecture/middleware, and methods/methodologies for the development of SO-based applications. This book focuses on exploring recent advances in architectures, systems, and applications for an IoT based on Smart Objects. The book specifically covers the following topics: (i) middleware for SOs; (ii) agent-oriented SOs; (iii) service- oriented SOs; (iv) Smart applications; (v) SOs indexing and discovery; (vi) IoT technologies for Smart Manufacturing; (vii) IoT technologies for Smart Grids; (viii) SOs trajectory mining for Smart City scenarios; (ix) Smart Health systems; and (x) Sensing platforms. The book is structured into ten authored chapters focused on the above-mentioned topics and provides novel and cutting-edge contributionsfornext-generationIoTsystems.Abriefintroductiontothechapters is provided below. ‘‘Middlewares for Smart Objects and Smart Environments: Overview and Comparison’’,byGiancarloFortino,AntonioGuerrieri,WilmaRusso,andClaudio Savaglio, presents an overview of middlewares for SOs and smart environments and compares them according to the most important general and specific requirements thathave been identified inthe literature sofar.Thechapter aims at providing a clear picture of the suitability of such middlewares to support the development of SO-based IoT systems. v vi Preface ‘‘Mobile Agents-Based Smart Objects for the Internet of Things’’, by Teemu Leppänen,JukkaRiekki,MeirongLiu,ErkkiHarjula,andTimoOjala,proposesa method for the integration of mobile agents and SOs in order to facilitate coop- eration and global intelligence. The chapter discusses SOs, agents, and systems requirements to enable cooperation, introduces a RESTful framework for agent creation, migration, and control, and presents an evaluation method to assist in system and agent composition design. ‘‘Service-Oriented Middleware for the Cooperation of Smart Objects and Web Services’’, by Andrea Giordano and Giandomenico Spezzano, discusses how enterprise web services can be integrated with RESTful SOs by exploiting the conceptofservicechoreography,undertakingthescalabilityanddynamicityissues of the IoT in order to extend the existing service composition mechanisms. The chapter shows that applications involving SO interaction can be seen as a parti- cular case of event-driven composite services. ‘‘CO-Based Outdoor Smart Lighting for Energy Aware Factory’’, by Anna Florea,AhmedFarahat,CorinaPostelnicu,JoseL.MartinezLastra,andFrancisco J. Azcondo Sánchez, describes an approach to the implementation of smart applications in a multi-purpose environment following the cooperating objects paradigm, aimed at increasing energy awareness, reducing power consumption, andenhancinguserexperience.Asausecase,thechapterpresentsasmartlighting application for a multi-purpose outdoor environment. ‘‘A Service-Oriented Discovery Framework for Cooperating Smart Objects’’, by Marco Lackovic and Paolo Trunfio, presents a service-oriented framework designed to support indexing, discovery, and selection of network-enabled SOs. TheframeworkenablesthedynamicdiscoveryofdistributedSOsand,specifically, their services and operations described through an ad hoc metadata model. The chapter presents the metadata model, the framework architecture and imple- mentation, and the programming APIs. ‘‘Smart Manufacturing Through Cloud-Based Smart Objects and SWE’’, by Pablo Giménez, Benjamín Molina, Carlos E. Palau, Manuel Esteve, and Jaime Calvo, discusses how IoT concepts can be applied to smart manufacturing, with smart entities that cooperate to achieve broader goals or to increase the overall knowledge in a factory through information sharing. The chapter shows that interoperability can be achieved by means of Sensor Web Enablement (SWE), while processing capabilities can be provided by virtualizing SOs on a Cloud- based datacenter. ‘‘The Cloud of Things Empowered Smart Grid Cities’’, by Stamatis Karnous- kos, discusses the impact that real-time monitoring and management capabilities offeredbytheIoTcanhaveontheSmartGrid,anditsapplicabilityinSmartCity scenarios. As an example case, the chapter highlights the efforts within the NOBEL project, which has prototyped an open service-based infrastructure for energy monitoring, management, and brokering, and points out some key aspects for the future Smart Grid City. ‘‘Trajectory Data Analysis Over a Cloud-Based Framework for Smart City Analytics’’, by Eugenio Cesario, Carmela Comito, and Domenico Talia, proposes Preface vii amethodologyandaCloud-basedframeworkfortrajectorypatternmining,which can be used for analyzing the trajectories of SOs in large-scale environments, particularly in Smart City scenarios. The chapter provides an experimental evaluation showing that trajectory pattern mining can take advantage from a Cloud-based parallel execution environment. ‘‘People-CentricServiceformHealthofWheelchairUsersinSmartCities’’,by LinYang,WenfengLi,YanhongGe,XiuwenFu,RaffaeleGravina,andGiancarlo Fortino, presents a real-time health-driven model for a people-centric healthcare context, introduces a social-aware architecture to support SOs mapping to online social networks, then discusses discovering and interacting with shared SOs in a virtual community. The chapter presents also a prototype for validating the proposed model. Finally,‘‘ExperimentsWith aSensingPlatformfor HighVisibilityoftheData Center’’, by João Loureiro, Nuno Pereira, Pedro Santos, and Eduardo Tovar, presents a hardware sensing platform for collecting physical parameters in a data center,whichcanserveasanenablertooptimizeenergyconsumption.Thechapter includes an analysis of the delay to obtain data from sensor networks under differentdatacentertopologies,anddiscussessomecapabilitiesofthesystemina real deployment. Wewouldliketothankallthebookcontributors,theanonymousreviewers,and ChristophBaumannfromSpringerforhissupportandworkduringthepublication process. Rende, Italy Giancarlo Fortino Paolo Trunfio Contents Middlewares for Smart Objects and Smart Environments: Overview and Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Giancarlo Fortino, Antonio Guerrieri, Wilma Russo and Claudio Savaglio Mobile Agents-Based Smart Objects for the Internet of Things. . . . . . 29 Teemu Leppänen, Jukka Riekki, Meirong Liu, Erkki Harjula and Timo Ojala Service-Oriented Middleware for the Cooperation of Smart Objects and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Andrea Giordano and Giandomenico Spezzano CO-Based Outdoor Smart Lighting for Energy Aware Factory. . . . . . 69 Anna Florea, Ahmed Farahat, Corina Postelnicu, Jose L. Martinez Lastra and Francisco J. Azcondo Sánchez A Service-Oriented Discovery Framework for Cooperating Smart Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Marco Lackovic and Paolo Trunfio Smart Manufacturing Through Cloud-Based Smart Objects and SWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Pablo Giménez, Benjamín Molina, Carlos E. Palau, Manuel Esteve and Jaime Calvo The Cloud of Things Empowered Smart Grid Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Stamatis Karnouskos Trajectory Data Analysis Over a Cloud-Based Framework for Smart City Analytics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Eugenio Cesario, Carmela Comito and Domenico Talia ix x Contents People-Centric Service for mHealth of Wheelchair Users in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Lin Yang, Wenfeng Li, Yanhong Ge, Xiuwen Fu, Raffaele Gravina and Giancarlo Fortino Experiments with a Sensing Platform for High Visibility of the Data Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 João Loureiro, Nuno Pereira, Pedro Santos and Eduardo Tovar Middlewares for Smart Objects and Smart Environments: Overview and Comparison GiancarloFortino,AntonioGuerrieri,WilmaRussoandClaudioSavaglio Abstract In the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining more and more attention both in the academic and in the industrial worlds. IoT is a concept describingavisioninwhicheverydayobjectswillbeconnectedtotheInternet,will be identified, and will, possibly, communicate with other devices. These objects are typically referred as “smart objects”, which can be defined as real artifacts augmented with computing, communication, sensing/actuation and storing func- tionalities.Theirimportanceresidesinthecapabilitiestheyhavetomakephysical environments “smart” so as to provide novel cyberphysical services to people. In the last years, several middlewares for SOs were proposed. Middlewares, widely usedinconventional distributedsystems,arefundamentaltoolsforthedesignand implementationofsmartobjectsaswellasofsmartenvironmentapplications.They providegeneralandspecificabstractions(e.g.objectcomputationmodel,inter-object communication,sensory/actuationinterfaces,discoveryservice,knowledgemanage- ment)throughwhichsmartobjectsandtheirrelatedapplicationscanbeeasilybuilt up. In this chapter, we present an overview of middlewares for smart objects and smartenvironmentsandcomparethemaccordingtothemostimportantgeneraland specific requirements that have been identified in the literature so far. Moreover, suchmiddlewaresarealsocomparedaccordingtoafeature-orientedframeworkto better highlight their distinctive properties. The comparison therefore provides a B G.Fortino( ) DIMES,UniversityofCalabria,Rende(CS),Italy e-mail:[email protected] A.Guerrieri·W.Russo·C.Savaglio DepartmentofComputerEngineering,Modelling,ElectronicsandSystems, UniversityofCalabria,Calabria,Italy e-mail:[email protected] W.Russo e-mail:[email protected] C.Savaglio e-mail:[email protected] G.FortinoandP.Trunfio(eds.),InternetofThingsBasedonSmartObjects, 1 InternetofThings,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-00491-4_1, ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014