Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics Christian Montag Martin Reuter Editors Internet Addiction Neuroscientific Approaches and Therapeutical Interventions Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics Series editors Martin Reuter, Bonn, Germany Christian Montag, Ulm, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11218 Christian Montag · Martin Reuter Editors Internet Addiction Neuroscientific Approaches and Therapeutical Interventions 1 3 Editors Christian Montag Martin Reuter Department of Psychology Department of Psychology Molecular Psychology Personality Psychology and Biological University of Ulm Psychology, Center for Economics Ulm and Neuroscience (CENs) Germany University of Bonn Bonn Germany ISSN 2196-6605 ISSN 2196-6613 (electronic) Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics ISBN 978-3-319-07241-8 ISBN 978-3-319-07242-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07242-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014960140 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Dear practitioners, scientists, and students, We are very happy that the book “Internet addiction: Neuroscientific approaches and therapeutical interventions” is finally available to you. Current develop- ments in the DSM-V underline the importance and the need for a scientific book on this newly emerging disorder, as the term “Internet Gaming Disorder” now appears among the emerging measures and models in Section III. It has been included in this section with the aim of better understanding the nature of Internet addiction and potentially including it as a distinct disorder in the next update of DSM. To precisely describe and characterize Internet addiction (and the related term “Internet Gaming Disorder”), strong research efforts have been invested around the globe. In this book, we give you an extensive overview of Internet addiction by leading researchers in the field. It is fantastic that such a large number of scientists doing the most important work on Internet addiction have agreed to write reviews on their research approach. We are very grateful for this support. We are sure that the present book will not only be an excellent guide to Internet addiction for scientists and therapists working in this field, but to all individuals interested in this new topic, or even patients affected by this emerging disorder. Clearly, the topic of Internet addiction is of special relevance around the globe in this increasingly connected online world. Of note, the book is written for students, practitioners, and researchers alike, as a wide range of different approaches to the understanding of Internet addiction— ranging from molecular genetics to brain imaging—are represented in this book. Each chapter gives a short introduction to these methods, as applied to the bet- ter understanding of Internet addiction. If you require greater detail on the neu- roscientific techniques such as structural MRI or molecular genetics, we refer you to the core text, “Neuroeconomics” of the series “Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics” in which this book is also published. This core text contains an extended appendix with individual chapters on a large num- ber of neuroscientific methods. In addition to a very good overview on Internet v vi Preface addiction and neuroscientific approaches in the second section of this book, a large part of this book (the third section) gives interesting and valuable insights into the treatment of Internet addiction. Experiences from both psychopharmacology and psychological counseling are presented. The latter is also considered from a cross- cultural perspective (Germany and South Korea). Finally, insights from a govern- mental stance aimed at tackling this newly emerging disorder are also given. We hope that this more practical section will be of special help to counselors all over the world in treating this potential new disorder. We thank all authors for their contribution. Without their valuable time spent on this project, this book would not have been possible. Every single contributor is a well-known researcher/practitioner in the field of Internet addiction. We are very happy that they have all agreed to participate and to contribute without hesitation. Last but not least, we thank Éilish Duke for her fantastic support in improving the language of the present book. A last note: We are aware of the controversial discussion in scientific circles on how to name problematic Internet use. Neither it is clear if problematic Internet use actually reflects an addiction nor is Internet addiction an official diagnosis in DSM-V and ICD 10. However, taking into account early studies on this topic but also the fact that the term Internet addiction still is often used and appears as quite “handy” in everyday communication of this topic, we decided to use it for this book. Let us know if something of relevance is missing from this book. This will help us to update the book in an eventual second edition. Best wishes Christian Montag Martin Reuter Contents Part I Introduction to Internet Addiction 1 The Evolution of Internet Addiction Disorder ................... 3 Kimberly Young Part II Neuroscientific Approaches to Internet Addiction 2 Structural Brain Imaging and Internet Addiction ................ 21 Fuchun Lin and Hao Lei 3 Functional Imaging of Internet Gaming Disorder ................ 43 Chih-Hung Ko, Gin-Chung Liu and Ju-Yu Yen 4 Internet Addiction and PET .................................. 65 Hyun Soo Park and Sang Eun Kim 5 Functional Brain Changes in Response to Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder ................................. 77 Doug Hyun Han, Sun Mi Kim and Perry F. Renshaw 6 Molecular Genetics, Personality and Internet Addiction .......... 93 Christian Montag and Martin Reuter 7 Autonomic Nervous System and Brain Circuitry for Internet Addiction ....................................... 111 Andrew Chih Wei Huang 8 A Short Summary of Neuroscientific Findings on Internet Addiction ....................................... 131 Christian Montag, Éilish Duke and Martin Reuter vii viii Contents Part III Therapeutical Interventions & Governmental Policies 9 The Impact of Psychoinformatics on Internet Addiction .......... 143 Christian Montag, Martin Reuter and Alexander Markowetz 10 Pharmacological Treatment of Internet Addiction ................ 151 Giovanni Camardese, Beniamino Leone, Coco Walstra, Luigi Janiri and Riccardo Guglielmo 11 Therapeutic Interventions for Treatment of Adolescent Internet Addiction—Experiences from South Korea .............. 167 Eunsuk Cho 12 Therapeutic Interventions in the Treatment of Problematic Internet Use—Experiences from Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Wolfgang Dau, J.D.G. Hoffmann and Markus Banger 13 The Korean National Policy for Internet Addiction ............... 219 Young-Sam Koh Appendix: Neuroanatomy ....................................... 235 Glossary ...................................................... 245 How to read this book The book contains three parts, with a brief first part including a concise o verview of Internet addiction by Kimberly Young, as an excellent starting point. The second part gives detailed insights into different neuroscientific approaches to Internet addiction research. If you only require a brief overview over the neuroscientific literature as a starting point, the summary Chap. 8 will be of help. Chapters 2–7 deal with distinct perspectives such as structural brain imaging and Internet addiction. If you are mainly interested in therapeutic interventions in the context of Internet addiction, you can skip the second part of the book (per- haps with the exception of Chap. 5 dealing with functional changes of the brain related to the treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder) and immediately go to the third part, which provides different perspectives on the treatment of Internet addic- tion. Finally, the book closes with an Appendix called Neuroanatomy comprising several figures on human brain anatomy, intended to accompany the chapters of the second part. In addition, a short glossary explains key vocabulary from the book. ix