International h les Review ^ $M^ Washington College's International Studies Revieiv is intended to provide opportunities for undergraduates and alumni to publish research articles that contribute to the body of knowledge in interna- tional relations and related disciplines, that provide fresh insight into the complexities ofworld affairs, and that introduce readers to areas of the world they themselves have not yet explored. With its inaugu- ral issue, the Review transports readers to such places as Japan, Fin- land, and Kenya. It examines such topics African feminist literature, Russia's place within the World Trade Organization, the relationship between Christianity and the anti-apartheid movement in South Af- rica, and changes in American foreign policy since 9/11. These essays are meant to showcase the work ofour students, to engage readers in meaningful dialogue, and to enrich our understanding of the world. For future editions, the Revieivinvites submissions from otherschools within our Centennial Conference, in the hope that we can enhance opportunities for undergraduate research in the interdisciplinary field ofinternational relations, and encourage promising young scholars to share their work with their peers. Submissions should be addressed to: International Studies Review, Washington College, 300 Washing- ton Avenue, Chestertown, Maryland 21620. Founded in 1782 under the patronage of George Washington, Wash- ington College is a private, independent college ofliberal arts and sci- ences located in historic C^hestertown on Marvland's Eastern Shore. International Studies Review VOLUME I 2004 n WASHINGTON COLLEGE CHESTERTOWN, MARYLAND Cover photography by GregoryWaddell Cover design byJennifer E. Lubkin Photo credit, facing page: Theodor Horydak, "Japanese cherry blossoms. Close-up of two Japanese cherry blossoms," Washington & D.C., circa 1920-1950. Library of Congress, Prints Photographs Division, Theodor Horydczak Collection, [LC-H812-T-B05-024 (interpositive)]. International Studies Review Washington College 300 Washington Avenue Chestertown, Maryland 21620 ©2004 by Washington College. All rights reserved. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA For Simon M. Hultman, who has inspired all ofus to cross borders. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/internationalstu01unse CONTENTS Editor's Note vii Emily S. Getman, Johii Killeen, Jennifer E. Lubkin A Crisis of Expectations: The Gulf wars and 1 continuing restraints onJapanese foreign policy Simon M. Hultman Roles ofthe Local Church Community in South Africa: 20 & Apartheid, present future Yukiko Omagari Carlos Marighella:Walking a line between 42 terrorism and revolution Nico Armstrong OnJua Kali: The informal sector ofthe Kenyan economy 49 Emily S. Getman What Is Taking So Long?: Obstacles within Russia 61 on joining the World Trade Organization Tine Kracun Der IT September 2001: 71 Richtungswechsel in der amerikanischen Aussenpolitik Elizabeth A. Haag Mariamma Ba: A voice ofinner resistance 91 Brenna Schneider The Changing Roma Culture in Europe and Finland 103 Julianna Butler CONTENTS VI Contributors 133 Acknowledgments 135 Editors' Note The International Studies Review came to exist in the minds of a — small group ofWashington College students Emily Getman, Andria Hayes-Birchler, Simon Hultman and John Killeen. One year ago in a minivan returning from Washington D.C., they were discussing their respective insecurities about researching and their desire to engage in serious and exacting inquiry. They determined to encourage the pur- suit ofindividual research interests and to provide the opportunity to publish the results. The discussion that evening is at the heart of this journal's conception. This is a journal intended to showcase the research ofstudents and alumni of the "international" disciplines. The vision of the Review's creators, however, does not end there. Naturally, international politi- cal and economic matters will occupy an important position in this annual collection, but our hopes are also to establish a forum for concerns of international health, the arts, environmental studies and beyond. The International Studies Review extends its welcome to writers from all fields of study who have undertaken a project with international concerns at its core. If the topic has crossed national borders, it can find a home in the IS Review. Our first issue of the International Studies Review is dedicated to one of the students riding in that college van. We hope that some of the wonder and vision of Simon Hultman can be felt through the pages ofthis small volume, as itwas his enthusiasm andvitalitywhich led to its fruition. Emily S. Getman, Editor in Chief John Killeen, Web Editor Jennifer E. Lubkin, Design/Production Editor