INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE KEY CONCEPTS Featuring 150 entries, International Relations: The Key Concepts is the essential guide for anyone interested in international affairs. Com- prehensive and up-to-date, it introduces the most important themes in international relations, with an emphasis on contemporary issues. Entries include: • diplomacy • loose nukes • global warming • United Nations • terrorism • security • human rights • arms control • rogue state • ethnic cleansing Offering suggestions for further reading as well as a unique guide to Internet web sites on international relations, this accessible handbook is an invaluable guide to a rapidly expanding field, ideal for the student and non-specialist alike. Martin Griffiths is Senior Lecturer in the School of Political and International Studies at Flinders University, Australia. He is the author of Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, also available from Routledge. Terry O’Callaghan is Lecturer in the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia. ROUTLEDGE KEY GUIDES Routledge Key Guides are accessible, informative, and lucid handbooks, which define and discuss the central concepts, thinkers, and debates in a broad range of academic disciplines. All are written by noted experts in their respective subjects. Clear, concise exposition of complex and stimulating issues and ideas make Routledge Key Guides the ultimate reference resources for students, teachers, researchers, and the interested lay person. Ancient History: Key Themes and Fifty Key Thinkers in International Approaches Relations Neville Morley Martin Griffiths Business: The Key Concepts Fifty Major Economists Mark Vernon Steven Pressman Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts Fifty Major Philosophers (second edition) Diané Collinson Susan Hayward Fifty Major Thinkers on Education Joy Palmer Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education Joy Palmer Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings Oliver Leaman International Relations: The Key Concepts Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan Television Studies: The Key Concepts Neil Casey, Bernadette Casey, Justin Key Concepts in Communication and Lewis, Ben Calvert and Liam French Cultural Studies (second edition) Tim O’Sullivan, John Hartley, Danny Fifty Eastern Thinkers Saunders, Martin Montgomery and Diané Collinson, Kathryn Plant and John Fiske Robert Wilkinson Key Concepts in Cultural Theory Fifty Contemporary Choreographers Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick Edited by Martha Bremser Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers Oliver Leaman Edited by Yvonne Tasker Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics R. L. Trask Fifty Key Classical Authors Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash Key Concepts in the Philosophy of Education Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers John Gingell and Christopher Winch John Lechte Key Concepts in Popular Music Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers Roy Shuker Dan Cohn-Sherbok Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Edited by Joy Palmer with Peter Blaze Helen Tiffin Corcoran and David A. Cooper Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Fifty Key Thinkers on History Key Concepts Marnie Hughes-Warrington Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE KEY CONCEPTS ffi Martin Gri ths and Terry O’Callaghan London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2002 Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Griffiths, Martin, 1961- International relations : the key concepts / Martin Griffiths & Terry O’Callaghan. p. cm.—(Routledge key guides) Includes bibliographical references. 1. International relations—Encyclopedias. 2. World politics— Encyclopedias. I. O’Callaghan, Terry, 1956– II. Title. III. Series. JZ1160 .G75 2002 327′.03—dc21 2001038715 ISBN 0-203-40280-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-40923-X (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–22882–4 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–22883–2 (pbk) CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements ix List of key concepts xi Key concepts 1 Appendix: international relations web sites 342 Bibliography 365 Name index 390 Subject index 392 v PREFACE The discipline of International Relations (IR) is the academic study of the origins and consequences (both empirical and normative) of a world divided among states. So defined, IR is a very broad discipline. It includes a variety of sub-fields such as diplomatic statecraft and foreign policy analysis, comparative politics, historical sociology, international political economy, international history, strategic studies and military affairs, ethics, and international political theory. In addition to its wide scope, the study of international relations is shaped by the interplay between continuity and change in its subject-matter. Accordingly, the contents of this book reflect both the scope of the discipline as well as dramatic developments in world politics that have taken place since the end of the cold war. The book is neither a dictionary nor a textbook; rather, it combines the strengths of each. It contains 150 key concepts that we believe all students in the field should be familiar with as they confront the challenges of understanding our contemporary world. Within that list, the book includes analyses of the most important international organisations in world politics. Each entry comprises a short essay that defines the term and identi- fies the historical origins and subsequent development of its use in IR. Where a term is controversial, we explain the reasons why. This book covers concepts, institutions, and terms that, although well-established in their use, have been the focus of revision in their meaning or appli- cation to contemporary international relations. The book also includes numerous terms that have only recently joined the vocabulary of the discipline to describe new phenomena in world politics. Although each entry is self-contained, cross-references to other concepts are fre- quent, and they are indicated by the use of bold type. At the end of each essay we explicitly cross-reference the term to complementary concepts discussed elsewhere in the text. In addition, we provide a short list of important further readings that can be found in the vii  bibliography. Finally, this book is unique in the Key Concepts series in providing its readers with a comprehensive guide to Internet resources and useful web sites that are indispensable research tools in the study of international relations. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Roger Thorp at Routledge for inviting us to write this book. Along the way we have benefited from the advice and support of many colleagues in the field, including George Crowder, Rick DeAngelis, Jessica Ellis, John Hobson, Darryl Jarvis, Anthony Langlois, Andrew O’Neil, Lionel Orchard, Samuel Makinda, David Mathieson, and Leonard Seabrooke. We may not have always taken your advice, but the book is better for it none the less! Martin Griffiths is particularly grateful to the Faculty of Social Sciences at Flinders University for providing a vital period of study leave in 2001 to complete the book, and to Julie Tonkin for her editorial assistance. Likewise, Terry O’Callaghan acknowledges the support of Angela Scarino and Ed Carson from the University of South Australia. Finally, a special mention to our partners, Kylie and Margaret, whose unfailing support made the task of writing this book much easier than it otherwise would have been. Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan Adelaide, Australia November 2001 ix