INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN POLITICAL THOUGHT Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War This unique collection presents texts in international relations from ancient Greece to the First World War. Major writers such as Thucydides, Augustine, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and John Stuart Mill are represented by extracts of their key works; less-well-known international theorists such as John of Paris, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, and Friedrich List are also included. Fifty writers are anthologized in what is the largest such collection currently available. The texts, most of which are substantial extracts, are organized into broadly chronological chapters, each of which is headed by an introduction that places the work in its historical and philosophical context. Ideal for both students and scholars, the volume also includes biographies and guides to further reading. CHRIS BROWN is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics. His publications include International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (1992), Understanding International Relations (2nd edn., 2001), and Sovereignty Rights and Justice, (2002). He also edited Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives (1994). TERRY NARDIN is Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee. He is the author of Law, Morality, and the Relations of States (1983) and The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott (2001), editor of The Ethics of War and Peace (1996), and coeditor (with David Mapel) of Traditions of International Ethics (1992) and International Society (1998). NICHOLAS RENGGER is Professor of Political Theory and International Relations at St. Andrews University. His publications include International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order (1999), Retreat from the Modern? (1996), and Political Theory, Modernity and Postmodernity: Beyond Enlightenment and Critique (1995). He has edited Treaties and Alliances of the World (6th edn., 1995) and Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World (with John Baylis, 1992). INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN POLITICAL THOUGHT Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War Edited by CHRIS BROWN London School of Economics and Political Science TERRY NARDIN University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee NICHOLAS RENGGER University of St. Andrews, Scotland CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521573306 © Cambridge University Press 2002 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 9th printing 2012 Printed and bound at MPG Books Group, UK A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Texts in international relations: from ancient Greece to the First World War / edited by Chris Brown, Terry Nardin, Nicholas Rengger. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 57330 0 (hardback) – ISBN 0 521 57570 2 (pbk.) 1. International relations – History – Sources. 2. International relations – Philosophy – History – Sources. I. Brown, Chris, 1945– II. Nardin, Terry, 1942– III. Rengger, N.J. (Nicholas J.) JZ 1305. T45 2002 327 – dc21 2001037928 ISBN 978-0-521-57330-6 Hardback ISBN978-0-521-57570-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Ancient thought (500 BCE–312 CE) THUCYDIDES From History of the Peloponnesian War ARISTOTLE From The Politics CICERO From On Duties MARCUS AURELIUS From Meditations PLATO From The Epistles 3 Late antiquity and the early middle ages (312–1000) ANONYMOUS From The Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles through the Twelve Apostles or The Didache EUSEBIUS From Tricennial Orations AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO From The City of God against the Pagans CONSTANTINE PORPHYROGENITUS From De Administrando Imperio AL-FARABI From The Political Regime AVICENNA From The Healing MOSES MAIMONIDES From Logic 4 International relations in Christendom JOHN OF PARIS From On Royal and Papal Power DANTE ALIGHIERI From Monarchy MARTIN LUTHER From On Secular Authority THOMAS AQUINAS From Summa Theologiae DESIDERIUS ERASMUS From “Dulce Bellum Inexpertis” FRANCISCO DE VITORIA From “On the American Indians” 5 The modern European state and system of states NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI From The Prince From The Discourses JEAN BODIN From Six Books of the Commonwealth FRANÇOIS DE CALLIÈRES From On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes CORNELIUS VAN BYNKERSHOEK From On Questions of Public Law ALEXANDER HAMILTON From Letters of Pacificus EDMUND BURKE From Letters on a Regicide Peace FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LA MOTHE FÉNELON From “On the Necessity of Forming Alliances” FRIEDRICH VON GENTZ “The True Concept of a Balance of Power” 6 The emergence of international law HUGO GROTIUS From The Law of War and Peace THOMAS HOBBES From Leviathan SAMUEL PUFENDORF From On the Duties of Man and Citizen SAMUEL RACHEL From “On the Law of Nations” CHRISTIAN VON WOLFF From The Law of Nations Treated According to a Scientific Method EMMERICH DE VATTEL From The Law of Nations or Principles of Natural Law 7 The Enlightenment THE ABBÉ DE SAINT-PIERRE From A Project for Settling an Everlasting Peace in Europe MONTESQUIEU From The Spirit of the Laws DAVID HUME From Of the Balance of Power ADAM SMITH From The Wealth of Nations JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU From The State of War From Abstract and Judgement of Saint-Pierre’s Project for Perpetual Peace IMMANUEL KANT From Essay on Theory and Practice From Perpetual Peace From The Metaphysical Elements of Right 8 State and nation in nineteenth-century international political theory G. W. F. HEGEL From Elements of the Philosophy of Right G. MAZZINI From On the Duties of Man JOHN STUART MILL From “A Few Words on Non-Intervention” H. VON TREITSCHKE From Politics B. BOSANQUET From “Patriotism in the Perfect State” 9 International relations and industrial society ADAM SMITH From The Wealth of Nations DAVID RICARDO From “On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” RICHARD COBDEN From The Political Writings of Richard Cobden FRIEDRICH LIST From The National System of Political Economy RUDOLF HILFERDING From Finance Capital KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS From “The Communist Manifesto” JOSEPH SCHUMPETER From “The Sociology of Imperialisms” List of references Index Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to John Haslam of Cambridge University Press for his encouragement and advice, and to the many reviewers for the Press who have commented anonymously and helpfully on our work. Chris Brown is grateful for comments and advice from colleagues at the University of Southampton and the London School of Economics, especially Russell Bentley and David Owen at Southampton, and to Tim Dunne from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Terry Nardin thanks Susan Rosa for translating Fénelon, Roger Epp for help with Luther, Frederick Whelan for help with Burke, and Cecelia Lynch and Jeff Holzgrefe for helpful criticism and advice generally. Nick Rengger would like to thank Chris Smith, Tony Black, and Onora O’Neill for very helpful discussions. The publishers and editors are grateful for permission to reproduce the extracts found in this book: Thucydides, from History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. and ed. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1954), Book 1, 21–3, pp. 47–9; Book 2, 34–46, pp. 143–51, 50–4, pp. 150–6; Book 3, 36–49, pp. 212–23; Book 5, 84–116, pp. 400–8. Aristotle, from The Politics, ed. Steven Everson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Book 1, chapters 1–6, pp. 1–9; Book 3, chapters 6–12, pp. 59–73; Book 7, chapters 1–3, pp. 156–61. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press. Cicero, from On Duties, ed. Miriam Griffin and Margaret Atkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Book 1, sections 53–60, pp. 22–5. Marcus Aurelius, from Meditations, Book 2 (17), pp. 41 and 43; Book 6 (36), pp. 149 and 151 and Book 6 (44), pp. 155 and 157; Book 9(1), pp. 231 and 233, and (9), p. 239; Book 12 (36), pp. 341 and 343. Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Marcus Aurelius, Loeb Classical Library Volume L058, trans. C. R. Haines (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916, revised 1930). The Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Eusebius, from Tricennial Orations, ed. and trans. H. A. Drake (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), Part I, “In Praise of Constantine,” IX, 8–19,